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Three-Dimensional Tree Reconstruction Based on Archaeological Evidence: Seeing trees in ship timbers
Adolfo Miguel Martins
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This research focuses on the development of digital methodologies to identify evidence of timber supply and selection for traditional shipbuilding through the examination of the archaeological ship timbers. Traditions of archaeological ship timber recording are reviewed and developed, with particular reference to the capture of information regarding the raw material (wood) used in shipbuilding, to introduce a rigorous methodology which integrates digital three-dimensional technologies increasingly employed in maritime archaeology. This approach is showcased using case studies from the Iberian Age of Discoveries, in which the author is able to analyse assemblages of surviving ship timbers and to identify correlations between woodlands, shipyards, and shipbuilding architecture. A range of digital technologies are used to allow the recording, analysis, and interpretation of surviving wood features. Data is captured using a combination of a FaroArm digitiser with Rhinoceros3D software and multi-image photogrammetry to obtain precise and accurate information.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Of Related Interest
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of figures
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List of tables
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List of abbreviations
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Note about terminology
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Foreword
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Preface
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Abstract
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Introductory text on the theme of the book
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1. The development of dendroarchaeological approaches in Nautical Archaeology
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1.1. The definition of Iberian ships under a dendroarchaeological approach
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1.2. Analysis of Iberian shipbuilding architecture using dendroarchaeological methods
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1.2.1. The 16th century Iberian shipbuilding requirements in timber supply
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1.2.2. A symbiotic relationship between shipbuilders and foresters
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2. The recording of wood features in different scenarios and possible outcomes
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2.1. The use of 3D CAD software to reconstruct past forestry practices
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2.2. Data acquisition of waterlogged timber: Controlled Environment - Laboratory
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2.2.1. Laboratory cataloguing: Reconstructing trees from the Corpo Santo wood assemblage
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2.3. Data acquisition from waterlogged wood: Underwater environment
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2.3.1. Reconstructing trees from the submerged Highborn Cay wreck wood assemblage
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2.3.2. Complementing underwater timber recording from the Bayonnaise wreck with archival investigation
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2.3.3. Data acquisition from waterlogged wood: Uncontrolled open-air environment
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2.4. Data acquisition from dry wood: Uncontrolled environment
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2.5. Collecting data from dry wood: Controlled environment
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2.5.1. Reconstruction of trees from the port planking of the Bremen cog
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2.5.2. Reconstruction of trees from VOC Batavia’s planking
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2.6. Gathering data from published information and legacy data
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2.6.1. Evaluation of drawings for wood morphology analysis of ship timbers from the Cais do Sodré wreck
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2.6.2. Evaluation of photographs for wood morphology analysis of the Pepper Wreck timbers
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2.7. Provisional conclusions
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3. 3D Digital Reconstruction of Trees and Woodlands: Approach and Methods
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3.1. Recording wood features from ship timber theory and concepts
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3.2. The development of a dendroarchaeological approach to tree reconstruction: suggestions and recommendations
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3.2.1. Capturing wood features using a 3D digitiser
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3.2.2. Recording wood features using a photogrammetric technique
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3.3. Recording wood features using hand scale drawings
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4. Reconstructing trees and woodlands from archaeological timbers using the surviving ship timbers from Belinho 1
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4.1. The discovery and rescue of the Belinho 1 timbers
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4.2. Previous studies of the Belinho 1 find
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4.3. Preliminary reports based on archival research
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4.4. The study of a selection of Belinho 1 ship timber and their parent trees
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4.4.1. Y-frame BEL01-001W
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4.4.2. Floor timber BEL01-003W
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4.4.3. Keel BEL01-071W
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4.4.4. Stern knee BEL01-072W
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5. How to see trees in marine wood assemblages: Three-dimensional tree reconstruction based on archaeological evidence
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5.1. The theme of the book and the promised results
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5.2. Different recording scenarios in maritime archaeology
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5.3. The most common scenarios in maritime archaeology Experience-based recommendations and suggestions for best practice in the recording of ship timbers
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5.3.1. Conclusions and suggestions on scenarios U1 and U4
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5.3.2. Conclusions and suggestions on scenario U3
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5.3.3. Conclusions and suggestions on scenario U1
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5.3.4. Conclusions and suggestions on scenarios O1, O2 and O3
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5.3.5. Conclusions and suggestions on scenario L1
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5.3.6. Conclusions and suggestions on scenarios I1 and I2
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5.3.7. Conclusions and suggestions on scenarios LF1, LF2 and L2
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5.3.8. General recommendations
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5.4. The use of Rhinoceros3D software in nautical archaeology for the recording and analysis of wooden features
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5.5. A starting point and tools for its systematic use
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Endnotes by the author
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Bibliographic references
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Appendix 1. Contributes to the better understanding of trees’ biological behaviour
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A1.1. Autonomous trees of the Iberian Peninsula
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A1.2. Brief comments on the morphology of the trees and their pattern of growth
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A1.2.1. Effect of soil composition on tree growth
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A1.2.2. External influences on tree growth
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A1.2.3. Trunk, order of branches, and knots
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A1.3. Comments on heartwood, sapwood, and bark
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A1.3.1. Considerations for the identification of annual rings of trees
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A1.4. The most commonly used tree species in shipbuilding: broadleaves and conifers
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A1.4.1. Broadleaves (oaks)
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A1.4.2. Conifers (pines)
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A1.5. Forest regeneration, practices, and timber conversion techniques
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A1.6. Forest management practices and timber supply
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A1.6.1. Felling trees and seasoning
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A1.6.2. Brief description of foresters’ tools
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Appendix 2. Learning from previous attempts to reconstruct ship timbers as parent trees
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A2.1. Lessons from the Skuldelev Barrier survey for dendrochronology, wood provenance and conversion methods
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A2.2. Learning from Graveney Boat used methods of wood recording and wood studies
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A2.3. Lessons learned from the Batellerie Gallo-Romaine tree reconstruction attempts
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A2.4. Lessons learned from Cavalière-sur-Mer shipwreck for timber morphology analysis
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A2.5. Lessons learned from the Newport Medieval Ship Excavation on 3D Digital Wood Recording Techniques and Ring Width Studies
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A2.6. Evaluation of historical documentation for wood morphology analysis of the San Juan ship timbers
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Appendix 3. Complementary glossary
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Back Cover
Citable Link
Published: 2024
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407361123 (ebook)
- 9781407361116 (paper)
BAR Number: S3164