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The Exploitation of Fishing Resources and the Maritime Skills of Early Modern Humans in Island Southeast Asia
Clara Boulanger
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Island Southeast Asia is one of the world’s marine biodiversity hotspots. Marine environments with dense concentrations of fauna rich in fatty acid nutrients are thought to have been important to Homo sapiens’ subsistence, leading to coastal highway hypotheses for dispersals in the Wallacean and Philippines archipelagos. This monograph provides new data and discussion on human maritime adaptation. Using fish assemblages recovered from sites in the region, it offers large-scale comparisons on a north-south gradient between sites by combining archaeological and ethnographical data with advanced taxonomic and statistical analyses. By reviewing the ecological specificities of each identified taxon, it is believed humans mostly exploited near-shore environments and that inter-site differences are directly related to local environmental disparities, as well as environmental transformations from climate change and sea level variations. The exploitation of specific local environments required the development of adapted fishing techniques, thereby demonstrating the coexistence of highly complex and sophisticated modernity patterns related to marine and coastal adaptation.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Of Related Interest
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Acknowledgements
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Dedication
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Preface
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Abstract
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Résumé
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1. Geological complexity, biogeographical realms and early human adaptations in Island Southeast Asia
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1.1. Southeast Asian landscapes
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1.1.1. Geology, geography and biogeography
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1.1.2. The Sunda and the Sahul Shelf
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1.1.3. Wallacea and the Philippines
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1.2. Human prehistory and migration dynamics in Island Southeast Asia
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1.2.1. Prehistoric human settlements
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1.2.2. Migration hypotheses and recent least-cost pathway models
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1.3. Human cultural adaptation in Island Southeast Asia
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1.3.1. Towards a new definition of “modern behavior”?
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1.3.2. The “generalist-specialist niche”
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2. Navigating Island Southeast Asian waters: Marine environments, biodiversity and fishing tradition
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2.1. Southeast Asian seascapes
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2.1.1. Marine environments
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2.1.2. The Coral Triangle: A hotspot of marine biodiversity
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2.2. Fish and archaeology
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2.2.1. Fish evolution, adaptations, and ecological dynamics
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2.2.2. Ichthyoarchaeology: Deciphering past societies through fish remains
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2.2.3. Advancements in Pacific fishbone analysis
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2.3. Fishing traditions in the Pacific and Island Southeast Asia
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2.3.1. Insights from Pacific Oceanian ethnology and archaeology
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2.3.2. Fishing in Island Southeast Asia
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2.3.2.1. The Paleolithic and Neolithic archaeological record
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2.3.2.2. Insights from ethnology and archaeology
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3. The Mindoro sites, Philippines
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3.1. Geographical and geological context
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3.2. Bubog I
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3.3. Bubog II
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3.4. Bilat Cave
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4. The Lesser Sunda Islands sites
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4.1. Geographical and geological context: the islands of Kisar and Timor
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4.2. Here Sorot Entapa (HSE)
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4.3. Asitau Kuru
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4.4. Matja Kuru 2
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4.5. Laili
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5. Zooarchaeology and ichthyoarchaeology
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5.1. Recovery procedures and material
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5.2. Comparative anatomy
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5.2.1. Remarks
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5.2.2. Reference collections
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5.3. Quantifications
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5.3.1. Number of remains (NR) and number of identified specimens (NISP)
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5.3.2. Minimum number of individuals (MNI)
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5.3.3. Minimum number of elements (MNE)
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5.3.4. Fragmentation ratio (FR)
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5.4. Analysis of cultural and taphonomic disturbances
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5.5. Rarefaction, richness, diversity, evenness and correspondence analysis (CA)
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6. Findings and observations
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6.1. The Mindoro sites
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6.2. The Lesser Sunda Islands sites
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7. Foraged aquatic environments through time and space
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7.1. The Mindoro sites
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7.1.1. Bubog I
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7.1.2. Bubog II
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7.1.3. Bilat Cave
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7.2. The Lesser Sunda Islands sites
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7.2.1. Here Sorot Entapa (HSE)
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7.2.2. Asitau Kuru
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7.2.3. Matja Kuru 2
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7.2.4. Laili
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7.3. A local exploitation of the aquatic resources
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8. Subsistence strategies and cultural adaption to the environment
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8.1. Intra-site diversity, homogeneity, variability and inferences on fishing techniques
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8.1.1. The Mindoro sites
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8.1.2. Here Sorot Entapa (HSE)
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8.1.3. Asitau Kuru
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Fieldwork in Timor-Leste (June 2019)
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8.1.4. Matja Kuru 2 and Laili
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8.2. From Sunda to Sahul: a history of humans and the sea
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8.3. Coastal adaptation and modernity: the exploitation of toxic fish in the Philippines
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9. Conclusion and perspectives
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Appendix: Ecological settings of identified fish taxa
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The reef “specialists”
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The “generalist” families
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The “predators”: coastal and pelagic taxa
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The freshwater taxa
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Bibliography
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Back Cover
Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407356815 (paper)
- 9781407358826 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3153