• Page 179 →Fig. 5.12. Noncandidate Spending in Federal Elections, 1986–2020 (by percent) Source: Compiled by authors with data from Federal Election Commission and OpenSecrets. Note: We excluded the two major partisan fundraising platforms, ActBlue (in 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020) and WinRed, (in 2020) from the hybrid PAC totals, because they serve as passthrough organizations to collect contributions for candidates, the political parties, and other groups. Collecting money on behalf of and transferring these funds to their client organizations is not ActBlue and WinRed spending and therefore not included here.
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Non-Candidate Spending in Federal Elections, 1986-2020

From The Fundamentals of Campaign Finance in the U.S.: Why We Have the System We Have by Diana Dwyre and Robin Kolodny

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  • Political Science:American Politics
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