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Iron Age Chariot Burials in Britain and the Near Continent: Networks of mobility, exchange and belief in the third and second centuries BC
Greta Anthoons
The British chariot burials, mainly concentrated in East Yorkshire, reveal a strong link with continental Europe, which has led some scholars to believe that this burial rite was introduced by immigrants from northern Gaul. Other scholars do not accept migration as the key explanation for cultural changes and argue that new rites and customs may also be adopted through social networks that often stretch over great distances. To determine which model best explains the introduction of new burial rites in East Yorkshire in the third century BC, this book describes the similarities and differences between the British chariot burials and those of contemporary chariot burials in northern Gaul. The comparison shows that elite networks, and possibly religious networks, lie at the basis of the emergence of new burial rites in East Yorkshire. This book also discusses various types of long-distance contacts that can forge and maintain social networks.
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Cover
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Title page
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Copyright
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Of Related Interest
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Foreword
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Abstract
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1. Introduction
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1.1. A decade of new discoveries and research
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1.2. The Arras Culture
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1.3. Methodology
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1.4. Use of historical sources
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1.5. Terminology
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1.6. Chronology
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2. The Arras Culture of eastern Yorkshire
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2.1. Eastern Yorkshire in its British context
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2.2. Yorkshire and the Arras Culture
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2.3. Geographical study area
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2.4. Funerary practices in eastern Yorkshire
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2.4.1. Inhumation
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2.4.2. From round to square barrows
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2.4.3. From isolated barrows to large size cemeteries?
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2.4.4. The large cemeteries of the Yorkshire Wolds
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2.4.5. Burial types
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2.4.5.1. Type A burials
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2.4.5.2. Type B burials
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2.4.5.3. Type B and C warrior burials
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2.4.5.4. Type C burials with mirrors
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2.4.5.5. Type C burials with vehicles and horse harness
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2.4.5.6. Type D burials
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2.4.5.7. Animal burials
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2.4.6. Organic grave goods
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2.4.7. Location of cemeteries in the landscape
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2.5. Chariot burials
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2.5.1. Location
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2.5.2. Barrows and grave pits
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2.5.3. Complete versus dismantled chariots
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2.5.4. The interior organisation of dismantled chariot burials
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2.5.5. Coffin or vehicle body?
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2.5.6. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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2.5.7. Weapons
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2.5.8. The deceased
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2.5.9. The horses
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2.5.10. Other animal bones
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2.6. The start of the Arras Culture
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2.6.1. Overview
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2.6.2. The earliest brooches
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2.6.3. The chariot burials
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2.6.4. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates
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2.6.5. Heirlooms and antiques
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2.7. Natural sciences and the population of East Yorkshire
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2.7.1. Radiocarbon dating
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2.7.2. Isotope evidence
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2.7.3. Skeletal evidence for engendered violence
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2.8. Non-funerary features of the East Yorkshire landscape
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2.8.1. Linear earthworks
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2.8.2. Settlements
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2.8.3. Means of subsistence
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2.9. A few preliminary conclusions
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2.9.1. Burials: a reflection of social status?
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2.9.2. Import of ideas and luxury materials from the Continent
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2.10. British chariot burials outside Yorkshire
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2.10.1. Scotland
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2.10.2. Wales
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2.10.3. Other regions
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3. The Middle Rhine – Moselle region
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3.1. Chariot burials and general funerary practices
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3.1.1. Location and history
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3.1.2. Disposal of the dead
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3.1.3. Superstructures and enclosures
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3.1.4. Grave pits
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3.1.5. General arrangement of chariot burials
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3.1.5.1. Position of the vehicle
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3.1.5.2. Position and orientation of the deceased (inhumations)
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3.1.5.3. Dismantled chariot burials
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3.1.6. The deceased
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3.1.7. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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3.1.8. Grave goods
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3.2. The Middle Rhine – Moselle region versus the Arras Culture
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4. The Netherlands
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5. The Aisne-Marne and neighbouring regions
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5.1. General funerary practices
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5.1.1. Data
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5.1.2. Disposal of the dead
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5.1.3. Position and orientation of the deceased
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5.1.4. Multiple burials
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5.1.5. Disturbance and reopening of graves
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5.1.6. Enclosures
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5.1.7. Superstructures: barrows and mortuary houses
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5.1.8. Grave pits
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5.1.9. Cemetery organisation
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5.1.10. Grave goods
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5.1.11. The funerary scene in LT B2
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5.2. Chariot burials – southern Champagne and northern Burgundy (LT A1)
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5.3. Chariot burials - Marne, Aisne, southern Ardennes and Meuse (LT A-B)
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5.3.1. Location and history
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5.3.2. Chariot burials and cemeteries
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5.3.3. Disposal of the dead
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5.3.4. Superstructures and enclosures
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5.3.5. Grave pits
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5.3.6. General burial arrangement
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5.3.7. The deceased
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5.3.8. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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5.3.9. Grave goods
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5.4. Chariot burials - Aisne and northern Ardennes (LT C-D1)
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5.5. The Aisne-Marne during LT B2
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5.6. The Aisne-Marne region versus the Arras Culture
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6. The Belgian Ardennes
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6.1. Chariot burials and general funerary practices
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6.1.1. Chariot burials and cemeteries
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6.1.2. Disposal of the dead
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6.1.3. Superstructures and enclosures
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6.1.4. Grave pits
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6.1.5. The deceased
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6.1.6. General arrangement of chariot burials
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6.1.7. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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6.1.8. Grave goods
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6.2. The origins of the La Tène culture of the Belgian Ardennes
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6.3. The Belgian Ardennes and the origins of the Arras Culture
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6.3.1. Demographic fluctuations in the Belgian Ardennes
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6.3.2. ‘Poor grave goods’ and ‘plain vehicles’?
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6.3.3. Other issues
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6.3.4. Conclusion
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7. The Luxembourg Ardennes
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8. The Paris area
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8.1. Chariot burials and general funerary practices
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8.1.1. Chariot burials and cemeteries
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8.1.2. Disposal of the dead
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8.1.3. Superstructures and enclosures
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8.1.4. Grave pits
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8.1.5. The deceased
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8.1.6. General arrangement of chariot burials
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8.1.7. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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8.1.8. Grave goods
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8.1.9. Settlements
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8.2. The origins
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8.2.1. A new population of mixed origins?
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8.2.2. A local development?
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8.2.3. Conclusion
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8.3. The Paris area versus the Arras Culture
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8.3.1. The Parisi and the Parisii
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8.3.2. The burial tradition
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8.3.3. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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8.3.4. Art style
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8.3.5. Settlements
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8.3.6. Same origins?
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8.3.7. Conclusion
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9. The ‘Groupe de la Haine’ (Belgium)
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9.1. Sites
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9.2. Disposal of the dead
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9.3. Vehicle parts and horse harness
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9.4. Types of chariot burials
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9.5. Grave goods
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9.6. Sanctuary
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9.7. Origins and connection with Arras Culture?
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10. The Aisne valley in the Oise department
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10.1. The 1926 chariot burial
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10.2. The 2009 chariot burials
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11. Normandy
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12. Burials with parts of vehicle and/or harness in northern Gaul
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12.1. Geographical distribution
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12.2. Origins and dating
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12.3. Complete and pars pro toto chariot burials
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12.4. A special composition
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12.5. Northern Gaul versus the Arras Culture in this period
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13. Eastern Yorkshire versus Northern Gaul
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13.1. Dating
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13.1.1. Iron wheel tyres
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13.1.2. Supporting evidence
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13.1.3. Rationale behind and disproof of traditional dating
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13.2. Comparison of funerary practices
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13.2.1. Inhumation versus cremation
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13.2.2. Position and orientation of the body
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13.2.3. Chariot burials
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13.2.4. Complete and dismantled chariots
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13.2.5. Square barrows, square enclosures
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13.2.6. No perfect match …
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13.2.7. … so no migration?
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13.3. Conclusion and further questions
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14. Third century BC: Changes in long-distance networks
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14.1. Social networks theory
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14.2. Closer contacts in the third century BC
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14.2.1. Northern Gaul in the fifth and fourth centuries BC
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14.2.2. Northern Gaul in the third century BC
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14.2.3. Internationalisation
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14.2.4. Evolution of elite networks between the fifth and the third centuries BC
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14.2.5. New connections
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14.2.5.1. Culture-historical hypothesis
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14.2.5.2. Alternative theory
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14.2.6. The Arras Culture: part of the Gaulish networks?
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14.3. Conclusion
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15. Functioning of elite and religious networks
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15.1. Mechanisms and strategies of elite networks
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15.1.1. Strategic marriages
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15.1.2. Clientship
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15.1.2.1. Base and free clientship
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15.1.2.2. Competition and status
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15.1.2.3. Archaeological evidence
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15.1.3. Fosterage
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15.1.4. Hostageship
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15.1.4.1. Different types of hostageship
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15.1.4.2. Selection of hostages
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15.1.4.3. Treatment of hostages
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15.1.4.4. The role of hostageship in the formation and maintenance of social networks
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15.2. A well-connected evangelist
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15.2.1. The druids
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15.2.1.1. The sources
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15.2.1.2. The druids’ knowledge
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15.2.1.3. Ritual, religion and burial
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15.2.1.4. Connections and privileges
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15.2.1.5. Counsellors of kings
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15.2.2. Druids and the Arras Culture: a possible scenario
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16. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Classical Texts
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Modern sources
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Appendix A. Catalogue:Chariot burials of the third and second centuries BC
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Appendix B. Non-exhaustive inventory: Chariot burials of the fifth and fourth centuries BC
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Appendix C. Glossary: vehicle and horse harness terminology
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Appendix D. Glossary of Continental terms
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Appendix E. Translations of classical texts quoted in section 15.2
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Back Cover
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Citable Link
Published: 2021
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407355542 (ebook)
- 9781407316840 (paper)
BAR Number: B666