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From Iceland to New Iceland: An archaeology of migration, continuity and change in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
Ágústa Edwald Maxwell
In 1876 Páll Gunnlaugsson and Nanna Jónsdóttir auctioned off their belongings and emigrated from Iceland to North America with their two young sons. A year earlier, Jón Guttormsson and Pálína Ketilsdóttir emigrated from a different Icelandic fjord with their young son Vigfús and settled in New Iceland, Canada. This book looks at the processes of migration and settlement, and the cultural changes and continuities that arise from entanglements with new environments. It weaves the results of archaeological excavations at two farms, Hornbrekka, Iceland and Víðivellir, New Iceland together with the rich historical archive of the emigration period. The discussion focuses on four themes through which specific changes in the lives of the emigrants and their descendants are explored: ethnic identity, wealth, improvement, and modernity. The book provides a critical examination of how change occurs through continuities and argues that either/or categories are inherently unhelpful in explaining cultural change.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Of Related Interest
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Introduction
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Methodology and Research Themes
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Outline of Chapters
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1. Nineteenth-Century Archaeology in Iceland and Canada: Culture Contact, Capitalism, and Improvement
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1.1. Research into the Icelandic Emigration to Canada
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The grand narrative
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Previous archaeological research
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1.2. Historical Archaeology on the Canadian Prairie and Iceland
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1.3. Culture Contact and Ethnic Identity
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1.4. Modern Ideologies of Capitalism and Improvement
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Conclusion
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2. Modern Changes and the Continuity of Tradition
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2.1. Modern Changes
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Modern changes are not inherently forward and progressive
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Modern changes are not totalising or complete
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Modern changes do not rise from a rupture but from continuity
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2.2. Continuity of Traditions
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Tradition is not repetition
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Traditions as skills
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Conclusion
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3. From Iceland to New Iceland: The Households of Hornbrekka and Víðivellir
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3.1. Emigrating from Iceland: The Households of Hornbrekka
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3.2. Settling in New Iceland: The Guttormssons of Víðivellir
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Conclusion
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4. Becoming Canadian: Culture Contact
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4.1. Icelandic Nationalism and the Racial Discourse in Canada
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4.2. Culture Contact in New Iceland
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4.3. Becoming Icelandic, Becoming Canadian: The Case of the Jigger
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Conclusion
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5. Becoming Wealthy: From Self-sufficiency to Capitalism
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5.1. Consumption and Production at Hornbrekka and Víðivellir
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The fishermen-farmers at Hornbrekka
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The farmers and wage labourers at Víðivellir
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5.2. Continuity Through Change: Trans-Atlantic Connections
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Sheep farming in New Iceland
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Fishing and the introduction of icehouses in New and Old Iceland
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Conclusion
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6. Becoming Refined: Domestic Improvements
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6.1. Nineteenth–Century Domesticity in Iceland and Women’s Aspirations to Emigrate
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6.2. Improved Homes in Old and New Iceland
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Serving food and refined dining
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Doing the housework at Hornbrekka
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Doing the housework at Víðivellir
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Conclusion
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7. Becoming Modern: Building Homes and Buying Houses
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7.1. Icelandic Turf Houses
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Late 19th- and 20th-century improvements
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The Hornbrekka farmhouse
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7.2. The Houses of New Iceland
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Víðivellir
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Conclusion: Houses of Turf and Timber, Built and Bought
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Conclusion
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The Becomings
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Bibliography
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Back Cover
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Citable Link
Published: 2024
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407361048 (paper)
- 9781407361031 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3168