Figure 6.4. Estimation of Executive Activism in the Period 1983 to 2015. Dark Shaded = Probability for Secondary Legislation, Gray Shaded = Probability of Tertiary Legislation

Figure 6.5. Number of Potential Infringements and Infringement Cases

Figure 6.6. Share of Directives Approved in First or Second Reading Early Agreement or Third Reading Conciliation

Figure 6.7. Estimation of Judicial Activism in the Period 1997 to 2008. Dark Shaded = Probability for National Norm, Gray Shaded = Probability of Neutral, White Shaded = Probability for Supranational Norm

Figure 7.1. Priors for Party Families from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and Contours from Two-Dimensional Kernel Density Estimation for Party Families

Figure 7.2. Posterior Probability for a One-Dimensional Left/Right versus a Two-Dimensional U-Shaped Policy Space with Fitted Local Polynomial Regression on Each Posterior Draw for the Period 1945 to 2017

Figure 7.3. Posterior Probability for a One-Dimensional Left/Right Policy Space for Each Member State with Fitted Local Polynomial Regression on Each Posterior Draw between 1945 and 2017. Continued 0n second page.

Figure 7.3. Posterior Probability for a One-Dimensional Left/Right Policy Space for Each Member State with Fitted Local Polynomial Regression on Each Posterior Draw between 1945 and 2017. Continued 0n second page.

Figure 7.4. Upper Columns on the Right Side = Positional Variation of Same Parties, Lower Columns = Positional Variation of All Parties for the Period 1999 to 2017. Continued on second page.

Figure 7.4. Upper Columns on the Right Side = Positional Variation of Same Parties, Lower Columns = Positional Variation of All Parties for the Period 1999 to 2017. Continued on second page.

Figure 7.5. Density of European Integration Support by Ruling and Opposition Parties in the Period 1999 to 2017

Figure 7.6. Level of Area-Specific Consensus in the Period from 1979 to 2019 Measured with Rice’s “Index of Voting Likeness” ((|Yes−No|)/(Yes+No)). Continued on second page.

Figure 7.6. Level of Area-Specific Consensus in the Period from 1979 to 2019 Measured with Rice’s “Index of Voting Likeness” ((|Yes−No|)/(Yes+No)). Continued on second page.

Figure 7.7. Share of Support in Final Votes of Political Groups on Legislative Proposals of the European Commission in the Period from 1979 to 2019 (EP1 to EP8)

Figure 7.8. Share of (Dis)Approval in Votes on Legislative Proposals of the European Commission in the Period from 1979 to 2019 of Political Groups Weighted by Seat Share in European Parliament

Figure 8.1. Turnout at European and General Elections in the Period from 1979 to 2019

Figure 8.2. Public Support for Governance Design and Transfer of Policy Competences

Figure 8.3. Group 1: More Satisfaction with Domestic Democracy Than with EU Governance in the Period 1999 to 2017

Page 157 →Figure 8.4. Group 2: More Satisfaction with EU Governance than with Domestic Democracy in the Period 1999 to 2017

Figure 8.5a. Group 3: Similar Satisfaction with EU Governance and Domestic Democracy in the Period 1999 to 2017