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The Afterlife in Akhmim: Exploring El-Salamuni Tombs C1 and C3
Wahid Omran
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The El-Salamuni mountain, the main necropolis of Akhmim during the Graeco-Roman period, is still relatively intact and largely archaeologically unexplored. This book contains the first contextual data of El-Salamuni. It examines the great heritage significance of the necropolis, its topography, the history of its investigation, as well as the special characteristics of the funerary art and burial customs in the necropolis.The text also documents the mountain’s painted tombs: C1 (the so-called Tomb of von Bissing 1897) and C3, which show a mixture of Egyptian-Roman art. Conservation work was conducted in Tomb C1 to remove debris, clean soot off its walls and ceilings, as well as reconstruct the vulnerable and damaged sections. Magnificent scenes were uncovered. A full photogrammetric documentation is provided of both tombs with their architectural layouts.
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Cover
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Title page
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Copyright page
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Of Related Interest
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of figures
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List of tables
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Abstract
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a.1: A Historical Overview of the Site
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a.2: An Archaeological Overview of the Site
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a.3: The Documentation of the Site To-Date
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1. Panopolis: An Overview
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2. The Necropoleis of Akhmim
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2.1: El-Hawawish A (Naga al-Diabat, or ‘the Ridge Cemetery’)
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2.2: El-Hawawish B, or ‘Bayt El-Madina’
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2.3: El-Salamuni C
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3. A History of the Investigations and Surveys of El-Salamuni
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3.1: Travellers and Visitors to the Site
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3.2: Recent Excavations
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3.3: Typology and Topography
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3.4: The Rock-Cut Temple of El-Salamuni
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3.5: The Characteristics of El-Salamuni
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3.5.1: Typology
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3.5.2: Heritage Significance
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3.5.3: Funerary Art
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3.5.4: Burial Customs
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3.6: A Risk Assessment of El-Salamuni
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3.6.1: Heritage Risks
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3.6.2: Urban Risks
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3.6.3: Environmental Risks
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3.6.4: Black Bitumen
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4. Tomb C1: The So-called ‘Tomb of von Bissing’ (1897)
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4.1 Location and History of Investigations
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4.2: Layout of the Tomb
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4.2.1: The Antechamber
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4.2.2: The Southern A3 Wall: Left Jamb of the Entrance, The Upper Register
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4.2.3: The Southern A3 Wall: Left Jamb of the Entrance, The Lower Register
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4.2.4: The Southern A3 Wall: Right Jamb of the Entrance
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4.2.5: The Western A4 Wall: Overview
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4.2.6: The Upper Register of the Western A4 Wall
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4.2.7: The Lower Register of the Western A4 Wall
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4.2.8: The Northern A1 Wall: Left Jamb of the Doorway
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4.2.9: The Inner Right Side of the Doorway Leading Into the Burial Chamber
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4.2.10: The Eastern A2 Wall: Overview
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4.2.11: The Upper Register of the Eastern A2 Wall
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4.2.12: The Lower Register of the Eastern A2 Wall
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4.2.13: The Zodiac Ceiling
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4.2.14: The Burial Chamber
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4.2.15: The Southern B3 Wall
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4.2.16: The Eastern Upper Frieze to the Right of the Doorway
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4.2.17: The Eastern Lower Frieze to the Right of the Doorway
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4.2.18: The Western Left Side the Entrance
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4.2.19: The Upper Frieze to the Left of the Entrance
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4.2.20: The Lower Frieze to the Left of the Entrance
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4.2.21: The Western B4 Wall: Overview
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4.2.22: The Lower Frieze on the Western B4 Wall
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4.2.23: The Wall B4 Niche
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4.2.24: The B4 Wall to the Left of the Niche
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4.2.25: The Northern B1 Wall: Overview
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4.2.26: The Lower Register of Wall B1
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4.2.27: The Upper Frieze to the Left of the B1 Niche
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4.2.28: The Eastern Burial Niche in Wall B1.
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4.2.29: The Eastern B2 Wall
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4.2.30: The Upper Frieze to the Right of the Wall B2 Niche
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4.2.31: The Upper Frieze to the Left of the Wall B2 Niche
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4.2.32: The Wall B2 Niche
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4.2.33: The Lower Register of Wall B2
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4.2.34 The Ceiling of the Burial Chamber
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4.3: The Patron of the Tomb and its Date
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4.4: The Most Recent Conservation Work
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4.5: Previous Documentation and Conservation Efforts
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4.6: An Assessment of the Condition of the Tomb
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4.7: Some General Observations on the Construction and Decay of the Tomb
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4.7.1: The Superficial Decay of the Walls and Ceilings
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4.7.2: The Decay of the Paint Layer on the Walls and Ceilings
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4.7.3: The Decay of the Pictorial and Preparatory Layers of Paint
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4.7.4: The Decay of the Support Layer of the Walls and Ceilings
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4.8: The Methodology of the Treatment of Tomb C1
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4.9: The Processing of the Tomb To-Date
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4.9.1: The Documentation of the Tomb
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4.9.2: The Pre-Consolidation of the Damaged Areas
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4.9.3: The Mechanical Cleaning of the Tomb
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4.9.4: The Chemical Cleaning Process
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4.9.5.: The Consolidation Process
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4.9.6: The Treatment of the Fragments
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4.9.7: The Cracks in the Walls and Their Treatment by Injections
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4.9.8: The Masonry Work Undertaken for the Niches
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4.9.9: Filling the Gaps in the Tomb Walls
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5. Tomb C3
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5.1: The Location and Layout
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5.1.1: The Antechamber
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5.1.2: The Northern A4 Wall
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5.1.3: The Eastern A1 Wall: An Overview
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5.1.4: The Upper Register of the Eastern A1 Wall
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5.1.5: The Lower Register of the Eastern A1 Wall
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5.1.6: The Southern A2 Wall
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5.1.7: The Western A3 Wall
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5.1.8: The Ceiling
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5.1.9: The Burial Chamber
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5.1.10: The Inner Part of the Wall B3 Doorjamb
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5.1.11: The Lower Frieze on the Northern Part of Wall B3
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5.1.12: The Eastern Side of Wall B3: The Upper Frieze
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5.1.13: The Western Side of Wall B3: The Upper Frieze
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5.1.14: The Eastern B4 Wall
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5.1.15: The Southern B1 Wall
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5.1.16: The Western B2 Wall
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5.1.17: The Lower Registers in the Burial Chamber
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5.1.18: The Ceiling
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5.1.19: The Floor
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5.2: The Patron and Date of the Tomb
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6. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Back cover
Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407359991 (paper)
- 9781407360003 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3137