The Enduring Legacy: Structured Inequality in America's Public Schools

Ryan, Mark

doi:doi:10.3998/mpub.11645040

Fig. 1. Schoolchildren saluting the U.S. flag, April 1942. Many of those of Japanese descent were relocated to internment camps for the duration of the war.

Children at the Weill Public School for the So-called International Settlement and Including Many Japanese-Americans, Saluting the Flag. They Include Evacuees of Japanese Descent Who Will be Housed in War Relocation Authority Centers for the Duration

From Part One

Figure 1. Students saying the Pledge of Allegiance at the Weill Public School in San Francisco in 1942. Those of Japanese descent later were sent to relocation centers for the duration of the war.

Fig. 2. A c. 1860 engraving of Benjamin Franklin based on an earlier painted portrait.

Benj. Franklin / Engraved by Geo. E. Perine, N.Y., for the Eclectic, after Drawing by C.N. Cochin

From Part One

Figure 2. Benjamin Franklin as depicted in a 1780 engraving.

Fig. 3. An 1805 engraving of President Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Right

From Part One

Figure 3. An 1805 engraving of Thomas Jefferson.

Fig. 4. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast demonstrating the power of public education.

Our Common Schools As They Are And As They May Be

From Part One

Figure 4. An 1870 view of a layered school system eschewing sectarian bitterness and unfair distribution of funds while favoring the idea of a common school.

Fig. 5. A c. 1899 photo of students on their way to school in a horse-drawn car.

School Children of the Sixth Division in a Horse Drawn Car

From Part One

Figure 5. Washington, D.C., schoolchildren (1899?) in a horse-drawn bus.

Fig. 6. A 1909 photograph of immigrants taking night school classes.

Immigrants in Night School

From Part One

Figure 6. Immigrants in night school (1909) in Boston, Massachusetts.

Fig. 7. A c. 1899 photo of African American girls being taught how to cook on a woodstove.

African American Schoolgirls with Teacher, Learning to Cook on a Wood Stove in Classroom

From Part One

Figure 7. African American schoolgirls in a cooking class surround a woodstove (c. 1899).

American Progress

From Part One

Figure 8. Columbia, the allegorical female figure of the United States, leading pioneers westward as they journey on foot, in a stagecoach, in a Conestoga wagon, and by rail.

Fig. 9. A c. 1899 photo of students in geography class.

Washington, D.C. Public School Classroom Scenes - 1st Division Geography Class - Students Examining Relief Map

From Part One

Figure 9. Elementary public school students in Washington, D.C. (c. 1899).

Fig. 10. A 1904 portrait of President Theodore Roosevelt.

Theodore Roosevelt Portrait, Facing Front

From Part One

Figure 10. President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.

Fig. 11. A 1905 political cartoon covering the nexus of imperialism, education, and race.

School Begins

From Part One

Figure 11. Uncle Sam as teacher to racially stereotypical new students named “Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Philippines.”

Fig. 12. A photograph recording the mental aptitude testing of a young girl in 1943.

American Education

From Part One

Figure 12. Mental aptitude testing, 1943.

Fig. 13. A photograph of an integrated school in 1955.

School Integration. Barnard School, Washington, D.C.

From Part Two

Figure 13. School integration in Washington, D.C. (1955).

Fig. 14. A photograph of civil rights leaders meeting with President Kennedy in the Oval Office in 1963.

Civil Rights Leaders Meet with President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office of the White House After the March on Washington, D.C.

From Part Two

Figure 14. Civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King meet with President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office in 1963 after the March on Washington.

Fig. 15. A photo showing KKK members supporting Barry Goldwater’s nomination at the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco.

Ku Klux Klan Members Supporting Barry Goldwater's Campaign for the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention, San Francisco, California, as an African American Man Pushes Signs Back

From Part Two

Figure 15. Ku Klux Klan members support Barry Goldwater’s 1964 campaign for the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in San Francisco, California.

Fig. 16. A photo of President Nixon throwing out the first pitch of a baseball game, 1969.

Pres. Richard Nixon Tossing Out Baseball at Senators' Opening Game with New York, Washington, D.C.

From Part Two

Figure 16. President Nixon, in Washington (1969), throwing out the opening game ball in what was then America’s pastime.

Fig. 17. A photograph showing Alabama governor George Wallace attempting to block the integration of the University of Alabama in 1963.

Governor George Wallace Attempting to Block Integration at the University of Alabama

From Part Two

Figure 17. Alabama governor George Wallace in a doorway at the University of Alabama in 1963 attempting to stop integration.

Fig. 18. A photograph depicting African American and white children being “bussed” to an integrated school.

African American and White School Children on a School Bus, Riding from the Suburbs to an Inner City School, Charlotte, North Carolina

From Part Two

Figure 18. Children on a school bus riding from the suburbs to an inner-city school, Charlotte, North Carolina in 1973.

Fig. 19. A photograph depicting President Ford campaigning with George Wallace in the American South, 1976.

President Gerald Ford Makes a Victory Sign as George Wallace Applauds at a Campaign Stop in the South

From Part Two

Figure 19. President Gerald Ford with George Wallace at a campaign stop in the South in 1976.

Fig. 20. A photograph showing Jimmy Carter and Hubert H. Humphrey at the 1976 Democratic National Convention.

Jimmy Carter and Sen. Hubert Humphrey at the Democratic National Convention, New York City

From Part Two

Figure 20. Jimmy Carter and Senator Hubert Humphrey at the Democratic National Convention, New York City in 1976.

University of Michigan Press
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The Enduring Legacy: Structured Inequality in America's Public Schools

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Children at the Weill Public School for the So-called International Settlement and Including Many Japanese-Americans, Saluting the Flag. They Include Evacuees of Japanese Descent Who Will be Housed in War Relocation Authority Centers for the Duration

Benj. Franklin / Engraved by Geo. E. Perine, N.Y., for the Eclectic, after Drawing by C.N. Cochin

Thomas Jefferson, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Right

Our Common Schools As They Are And As They May Be

School Children of the Sixth Division in a Horse Drawn Car

Immigrants in Night School

African American Schoolgirls with Teacher, Learning to Cook on a Wood Stove in Classroom

American Progress

Washington, D.C. Public School Classroom Scenes - 1st Division Geography Class - Students Examining Relief Map

Theodore Roosevelt Portrait, Facing Front

School Begins

American Education

School Integration. Barnard School, Washington, D.C.

Civil Rights Leaders Meet with President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office of the White House After the March on Washington, D.C.

Ku Klux Klan Members Supporting Barry Goldwater's Campaign for the Presidential Nomination at the Republican National Convention, San Francisco, California, as an African American Man Pushes Signs Back

Pres. Richard Nixon Tossing Out Baseball at Senators' Opening Game with New York, Washington, D.C.

Governor George Wallace Attempting to Block Integration at the University of Alabama

African American and White School Children on a School Bus, Riding from the Suburbs to an Inner City School, Charlotte, North Carolina

President Gerald Ford Makes a Victory Sign as George Wallace Applauds at a Campaign Stop in the South

Jimmy Carter and Sen. Hubert Humphrey at the Democratic National Convention, New York City

The Enduring Legacy: Structured Inequality in America's Public Schools

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