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The Toquaht Archaeological Project: Research at T'ukw'aa, a Nuu-chah-nulth village and defensive site in Barkley Sound, Western Vancouver Island
Alan D. McMillan, Gregory G. Monks and Denis E. St. Claire
The Toquaht Archaeological Project was led by the authors in cooperation with the Toquaht First Nation, one of the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples of western Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The Nuu-chah-nulth formerly lived in large villages of plank-covered houses facing the sea, relying on a wide variety of fish species and marine mammals, including large whales. This volume presents research results from T'ukw'aa, the ancient village in Barkley Sound from which the modern Toquaht derive their name. This location, occupied for over 1,000 years, includes a defensive headland, or “fortress,” that provided a lookout location and place of refuge during hostilities. Ethnographic and ethnohistoric descriptions of Toquaht life are followed by discussion of archaeological research at T'ukw'aa to examine life prior to contact with Europeans and immediately after. All excavated materials, including faunal remains and artifacts, are described and assessed, providing insights into past lifeways in this outer-coast community.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Of Related Interest
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Dedication
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Abstract
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Notes on Writing Nuu-chah-nulth Terms
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1. Introduction to the Toquaht Archaeological Project
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1.1. Toquaht Territory and Major Villages
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1.2. The “West Coast Culture Type”
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1.3. The T’ukw’aa Defensive Site
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2. The Toquaht People
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2.1. Toquaht Ethnography
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2.1.1. Major Sources
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2.1.2. Political Structure, Component Groups, and Chiefly Rights
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2.1.3. The Food Quest
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2.2. Ethnohistory
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2.2.1. European Exploration and the Maritime Fur Trade Period
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2.2.2. Colonial Settlement and Administration
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2.3. Oral History
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2.3.1. Traditions of Remote Times
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2.3.2. Narratives of Historical Events
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2.3.3. Toquaht Subgroups
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2.3.4. Place Name Studies
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3. Barkley Sound Archaeological Research
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3.1. The Toquaht Archaeological Project
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3.2. Other Archaeological Research in Barkley Sound
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4. Excavation at T’ukw’aa
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4.1. T’ukw’aa: A Village and Defensive Site
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4.2. Excavation Methodology and Extent
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4.3. Stratigraphy
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4.3.1. Village
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4.3.2. Defensive Area
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4.4. Chronology
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4.4.1. Village
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4.4.2. Defensive Area
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4.4.3. Summary
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5. Excavated Materials: Artifacts and Features
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5.1. Artifacts of Indigenous Manufacture
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5.1.1. Artifacts of Bone
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5.1.2. Artifacts of Antler
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5.1.3. Artifacts of Tooth
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5.1.4. Artifacts of Shell
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5.1.5. Artifacts of Stone
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5.2. Features
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5.2.1. Village
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5.2.2. Defensive Area
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6. Excavated Materials: Fauna
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6.1. Fauna from DfSj-23A, T’ukw’aa Village
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6.1.1. Sample, Methodology and Terminology
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6.2. Data (DfSj-23A)
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6.2.1. Taxonomic Abundance
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6.2.2. Fish
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6.2.3. Land Mammals
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6.2.4. Sea Mammals
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6.2.5. Birds
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6.2.6. Mollusca
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6.2.7. Crustacea
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6.2.8. Echinoida (sea urchins)
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6.2.9. Polyplacophora (chitons)
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6.3. Fauna from DfSj-23B, the T’ukw’aa Defensive Location
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6.3.1. Sample, Methodology and Terminology
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6.4. Data (DfSj-23B)
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6.4.1. Taxonomic Abundance
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7. The T’ukw’aa Fauna: Interpretation and Integration
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7.1. DfSj-23A: T’ukw’aa Village
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7.1.1. Environmental Exploitation
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7.1.2. Chronological Patterns
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7.1.3. Spatial Patterns
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7.2. DfSj-23B: The T’ukw’aa Defensive Location
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7.2.1. Econiche Exploitation
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7.2.2. Chronological Patterns
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7.2.3. Spatial Patterns
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7.3. Comparison of Village and Defensive Fauna
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7.4. Integration with other Barkley Sound sites
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7.4.1. Residential Locations
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7.4.2. Defensive Locations
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7.5. Summary
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8. Post-Contact Archaeology at T’ukw’aa
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8.1. Artifacts of Introduced Historic Materials
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8.1.1. Possible fur trade period materials
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8.1.2. Later materials
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8.2. Historic Period Features
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9. Summary and Discussion
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9.1. The West Coast Culture Type
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9.2. Change Over Time
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9.3. Life at T’ukw’aa
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9.4. The T’ukw’aa Defensive Site
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9.5. The Recent Period at T’ukw’aa
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9.6. In Retrospect
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9.7. Final Comments
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References Cited
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Back Cover
![](/image-service/7940809561690829654/full/full/0/default.png)
Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407314891 (paper)
- 9781407314921 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3135