Fig. 0.1. Photograph of backstage lighting equipment at the Roxy Theatre in New York City, as depicted in Theater Studies Monthly. The photo is uncredited, but was taken by N. Lazarnick Commercial Photographers; a print is held in the collection of the Theatre Historical Society of America. Source: Juxue yuekan 2, nos. 7–8 (August 1933): n.p.

Fig. 1.3. (right and facing page) Photo spread entitled “Tools of the Modern Stage” published in Theater Studies Monthly. Source: Juxue yuekan 2, nos. 7–8 (August 1933): n.p.

Fig. 1.3. (right and facing page) Photo spread entitled “Tools of the Modern Stage” published in Theater Studies Monthly. Source: Juxue yuekan 2, nos. 7–8 (August 1933): n.p.

Fig. 1.4. Illustration of a dial dimmer accompanying article by Ouyang Shanzun published in Play. Source: Ouyang Shanzun, “Dianqi jian,” Xi 1, no. 1 (1933): 43.

Fig. 1.10. Photo spread entitled “The Technologization of the Stage” published in Small World. Source: Xiao shijie 50 (1934): 12.

Fig. 2.4. Illustrations and explanation of how a liquid rheostat (saltwater) dimmer functions. Source: He Mengfu, Wutai zhaoming (Shanghai: Shangwu yinshu guan, 1936), 42–43.

Fig. 3.3. Representative page illustrating lighting equipment from Theater and Stage Technologies. Source: Li Chang et al., Juchang yu wutai jishu (Wuhan: Zhongnan renmin wenxue yishu chubanshe, 1954), 37.

Fig. 3.5. Representative technical drawing from Introduction to Scenography, which shows how to make a liquid rheostat dimmer using techniques similar to those found in manuals from the 1930s. Source: Zhang Yaoqing, Wutai meishu rumen (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe, 1956), 89.

Fig. 3.11. Lighting and projection units backstage for performances of The East Is Red in October 1964. Photograph by Cheng Zhining. Source: Li Yegan and Han Libo, “Canjia Dongfang hong wutai meishu gongzuo de tihui,” Renmin ribao, October 15, 1964, 5.