Fig. 0.1. Photograph of backstage lighting equipment at the Roxy Theatre in New York City, as depicted in Theater Studies Monthly. The photo is uncredited, but was taken by N. Lazarnick Commercial Photographers; a print is held in the collection of the Theatre Historical Society of America. Source: Juxue yuekan 2, nos. 7–8 (August 1933): n.p.

Fig. 1.1. Wharf and merchant ship in act 1 of Roar, China! Production photograph from Shanghai Theater Society performances in September 1933. Source: Nuhou ba, Zhongguo! (Shanghai: Liangyou tuhua yinshua gongsi, 1935).

Fig. 1.2. Gunboat in act 2 of Roar, China! Shanghai Theater Society performances in September 1933. Source: Nuhou ba, Zhongguo! (Shanghai: Liangyou tuhua yinshua gongsi, 1935).

Fig. 1.3. (right and facing page) Photo spread entitled “Tools of the Modern Stage” published in Theater Studies Monthly. Source: Juxue yuekan 2, nos. 7–8 (August 1933): n.p.

Fig. 1.3. (right and facing page) Photo spread entitled “Tools of the Modern Stage” published in Theater Studies Monthly. Source: Juxue yuekan 2, nos. 7–8 (August 1933): n.p.

Fig. 1.4. Illustration of a dial dimmer accompanying article by Ouyang Shanzun published in Play. Source: Ouyang Shanzun, “Dianqi jian,” Xi 1, no. 1 (1933): 43.

Fig. 1.5. Production photograph from Meyerhold Theatre production of Roar, China! in 1926, depicting angry dockworkers with fists raised in the air. Source: MS Thr 402 (Box 33: 1254), Houghton Library, Harvard University.

Fig. 1.6. Scene aboard the bow of the HMS Europa, with water-filled stage visible below. From the New York Theatre Guild production of Roar, China! in 1930, with sets by Lee Simonson. Photo by Vandamm Studio ©The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

Fig. 1.7. Director Ying Yunwei’s production design for the Shanghai Theater Society production of Roar, China! in 1933, including lighting diagrams by Ouyang Shanzun. Source: Ying Yunwei, “Nuhou ba Zhongguo shangyan jihua,” Xi 1, no. 1 (September 1933): 56.

Fig. 1.8. Set renderings for the Shanghai Theater Society production of Roar, China! in 1933, by Zhang Yunqiao. Source: Ying Yunwei, “Nuhou ba Zhongguo shangyan jihua,” Xi 1, no. 1 (September 1933): 57.

Fig. 1.9. Advertisement for a Roar, China! ticket giveaway run by the Shanghai Domestic Products Company on the front page of Shenbao (September 15, 1933). Image courtesy Bodleian Library, University of Oxford.

Fig. 1.10. Photo spread entitled “The Technologization of the Stage” published in Small World. Source: Xiao shijie 50 (1934): 12.

Fig. 2.1. Photograph from December 1935 production of Thunderstorm by the Fudan University Drama Society (復旦劇社), depicting the scene in act 3 discussed in this chapter. Source: Shanghai bao, December 19, 1935, 2.

Fig. 2.2. Example of thunder and lightning special effects techniques published in 1948. Source: Huang Cun, “Wutai xiaoguo san (lei, dian),” Zongyi: Meishu xiju dianying yinyue banyue kan 1, no. 3 (1948): 6.

Fig. 2.3. Production photograph from the 1937 China Traveling Theater (中國旅遊劇團) production of Sunrise. Note the low height of the interior walls and building flats behind, which would allow the lighting shifts to fill the backdrop and make dimming all the more important. Source: Zhonghua, no. 54 (1937): 41.

Fig. 2.4. Illustrations and explanation of how a liquid rheostat (saltwater) dimmer functions. Source: He Mengfu, Wutai zhaoming (Shanghai: Shangwu yinshu guan, 1936), 42–43.

Fig. 2.5. Production photograph from performance of Foggy Chongqing by the Long-Life Theater Troupe (中國萬歲劇團) in December 1941, depicting the semi-underground setting of act 1. Source: Liangyou, no. 128 (1941): 25.

Fig. 3.1. Production photograph from the final futuristic scene of Fantasia of the Ming Tombs Reservoir by China Youth Art Theater. From the family collection of Xiaomei Chen.

Fig. 3.2. Cover from Theater and Stage Technologies. Source: Li Chang et al., Juchang yu wutai jishu (Wuhan: Zhongnan renmin wenxue yishu chubanshe, 1954).

Fig. 3.3. Representative page illustrating lighting equipment from Theater and Stage Technologies. Source: Li Chang et al., Juchang yu wutai jishu (Wuhan: Zhongnan renmin wenxue yishu chubanshe, 1954), 37.