The Horace's Villa Project, 1997-2003

Frischer, Bernard; Crawford, Jane; De Simone, Monica

Bernard Frischer, Jane Crawford and Monica De Simone

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Cover
Title Page
Copyright and Permissions
Dedication
List of Abbreviations
Contributors
List of Figures and Tables
Online Plans
Prefaces
- Anna Maria Reggiani
- Maria Grazia Fiore
- Luciano Romanzi
- Bernard Frischer
- Preface to the Electronic Edition
A Introduction: History and Goals of the "Horace's Villa" Project by Bernard Frischer
B History of Archaeological Research on the Site
- B.1 General Introduction to the Area by Bernard Frischer
  - [Introduction]
  - B.1.1 Settlement of the Licenza valley in antiquity
  - B.1.2 Archaic period to the Roman conquest
  - B.1.3 Second and first centuries B.C.
  - B.1.4 First and second centuries A.D.
  - B.1.5 Third to fifth centuries A.D.
  - B.1.6 Sixth through ninth centuries A.D.
  - B.1.7 Tenth through fifteenth centuries A.D.
  - B.1.8 Sixteenth through eighteenth centuries A.D.
  - B.1.9 1780-1910
- B.2 Identification of the Vigne di S. Pietro as Horace's Villa: the Ancient Evidence
- B.3 Knowledge about Horace's Villa from the Imperial Period to 1911
- B.4 Interventions in the 20th century
  - B.4.1 Pasqui's excavations, 1911-1914
  - B.4.2 Lugli's 1926 account of the Pasqui excavations
  - B.4.3 Condition of the site in the 1920s
  - B.4.4 Lugli-Price excavation of 1930-31
  - B.4.5 Restorations of 1930-31
  - B.4.6 World War II
  - B.4.7 Activities from 1946-1996
- B.5 Biographical Sketch of Thomas Drees Price by Kathryn Gleason
C New Fieldwork
- C.1 The "Horace's Villa" Project, 1997-2003: Organization, Strategy, and Objectives by Bernard Frischer, Stefano Camaiani, Monica De Simone
  - [Introduction]
  - C.1.1 Organization
  - C.1.2 Sponsors
  - C.1.3 Staff and volunteers
  - C.1.4 Research issues, methods and strategy
  - C.1.5 Archaeological strategy
  - C.1.6 Resources utilized in archival research
  - C.1.7 Documentation and database
    - [Introduction]
    - C.1.7.1 Data collection
    - C.1.7.2 Data management
  - C.1.8. Disposition of finds and documentation
- C.2 The Residence by Monica De Simone and Laura Cerri
  - C.2.1 Excavation in Area 12
  - C.2.2 Soundings north of Areas 6, 17, and 26
- C.3 The Garden by Kathryn Gleason, James G. Schryver, Luca Passalacqua
  - C.3.1 Introduction
  - C.3.2 Landscape setting and description of the Villa's gardens
    - [Introduction]
    - C.3.2.1 Gardens within the building: small courtyard garden (Area 8, Lugli's cortile A)
    - C.3.2.2 The quadriporticus garden (Sectors V, VI, VII)
  - C.3.3 Methodology
    - [Introduction]
    - C.3.3.1 Preliminary survey and assessment techniques within the residence and quadriporticus
    - C.3.3.2 Assessing the presence of cultivated soils
  - C.3.4 Excavation of the quadriporticus garden (Area 24, Sectors VI.1, VI.2, VII; Area 25, Sector V)
    - [Introduction]
    - C.3.4.1 Sectors V and VI: the central part of the garden (Sector VI) and the piscina (Area 25, Sector V)
    - C.3.4.2 The northern part of the garden (Area 24, Sector VII)
  - C.3.5 Evaluation of the garden design
  - C.3.6 Notes on artifacts
  - C.3.7 Conclusions of the feasibility study and notes for future work at the site
- C.4 Quadriporticus by Monica De Simone, Silvia Nerucci, Luca Passalacqua
  - C.4.1 Introduction
  - C.4.2 Sector II.1, Area 54
  - C.4.3 Sector IV.1, Area 23
  - C.4.4 Sector IV.2, Area 23
  - C.4.5 Sector VIII.1-6, Area 55
  - C.4.6 Sector VIII.7, Area 55
  - C.4.7 Conclusions
- C.5 The Bath Complex by Stefano Camaiani, Laura Cerri, Luca Passalacqua
  - [Introduction]
  - C.5.1 Period I (Second Century B.C. to First Century A.D.)
    - [Introduction]
    - C.5.1.1 Activities 1-4: The Republican Atrium
  - C.5.2 Period II (Second Half of the First Century A.D. to the Second Century A.D.)
    - [Introduction]
    - C.5.2.1 Activities 5-21: Construction of the Bath Complex (ca. 80-150 A.D.)
  - C.5.3 Period III (Fourth-Fifth Centuries A.D. [?])
    - [Introduction]
    - C.5.3.1 Activities 22-29: Abandonment in Late Antiquity
  - C.5.4 Period IV (Fifth-Ninth Centuries A.D.)
    - [Introduction]
    - C.5.4.1 Activities 30-40: The Medieval Reoccupation
  - C.5.5 Period V (Late Middle Ages)
    - [Introduction]
    - C.5.5.1 Activities 41-46: The Last Interventions of the Medieval Period
  - C.5.6 Period VI (Twentieth Century A.D.)
    - [Introduction]
    - C.5.6.1 Activities 47-49: Twentieth-century archaeological soundings
  - C.5.7 Appendix: Recent Work in Sector I.2, Area 50
D Analysis of Structures and Materials
- D.1 The Masonry Structures by Monica De Simone
  - D.1.1 Introduction
  - D.1.2 The Restorations
    - [Introduction]
    - D.1.2.1 Analysis of the archival documents
    - D.1.2.2 Analysis of the photographs
    - D.1.2.3 Conclusions
  - D.1.3 Direct Analysis
    - [Introduction]
    - D.1.3.1 The cataloguing
    - D.1.3.2 The Residence
    - D.1.3.3 The quadriporticus and the garden
    - D.1.3.4 The thermal zone
    - D.1.3.5 The laconicum of the Villa of Horace: is it an unicum?
    - D.1.3.6 Systems for the supply and drainage of water
    - D.1.3.7 The identification of the phases
  - D.1.4 Appendix 1. Typology of Masonry Attested to on the Site
  - D.1.5 Appendix 2. Sampling of the Mortar
- D.2 Pottery by Claudia Angelelli
  - [Introduction]
  - D.2.1 Thermal Zone (Sector I)
    - D.2.1.1 Period I
    - D.2.1.2 Period II
    - D.2.1.3 Period III
    - D.2.1.4 Period IV
    - D.2.1.5 Period V
    - D.2.1.6 Period VI
  - D.2.2 The Quadriporticus, Sector IV. 2
  - D.2.3 Sector VI: Central Area of the Garden
  - D.2.4 Sector VII: North Area of the Garden
    - D.2.4.1 Period I: the early garden
    - D.2.4.2 Period II: the Flavian garden
    - D.2.4.3 Period III: decline of the villa
    - D.2.4.4 Period IV: Medieval reoccupation
    - D.2.4.5 Period VI
- D.3 Garden Material by Elizabeth R. Macaulay
  - D.3.1 Ollae perforatae (planting pots)
    - [Introduction]
    - D.3.1.1 Nearly whole flower pot: VH 148=SAL 114528
    - D.3.1.2 Flower pot base fragment: VH 187=SAL 114531
    - D.3.1.3 Flower pot base fragment: VH 203= SAL 114529
    - D.3.1.4 Flower pot in the Museum of Licenza: SAL 39344
    - D.3.1.5 Conclusions
  - D.3.2 The Sundial Fragment from "Horace's Villa"
- D.4 The "Horace's Villa" Brickstamps and the Brick Production of the Central Anio River Valley by Giorgio Filippi
  - D.4.1 Introduction
  - D.4.2 History of the Finds
  - D.4.3 Catalogue
    - D.4.3.1 Terminology and criterion of the publication of the stamps
    - D.4.3.2 "Horace's Villa"
    - D.4.3.3 The Ashby Collection at the American Academy in Rome
    - D.4.3.4 Convent of San Cosimato (Vicovaro, ROMA)
  - D.4.4 Typology of the Brick Material
  - D.4.5 Typology of the Stamps, Palaeography, and Epigraphical Form
  - D.4.6 Prosopography of the Producers: Gentes Active in the Production of the Bricks (domini and officinatores)
  - D.4.7 Social Status, Role of Persons and Condition of Ownership of the Workshops
  - D.4.8 Chronological Framework
  - D.4.9 Production and Circulation of the Stamped Bricks
    - D.4.9.1 Market areas
    - D.4.9.2 Production workshops
    - D.4.9.3 The Anio River Valley
- D.5 The Architectural Terracottas by Maria José Strazzulla
  - [Introduction]
  - D.5.1 Catalogue
- D.6 Marbles by Claudia Angelelli
  - D.6.1 Parietal opus sectile
    - [Introduction]
    - D.6.1.1 Catalogue
    - D.6.1.2 Conclusions
  - D.6.2 Pavements in opus sectile
    - [Introduction]
    - D.6.2.1 Pasqui excavations, 1911-1914
    - D.6.2.2 Excavations 1997-2001
- D.7 The "Horace's Villa" Database of Architectural Fragments by Philip Stinson
  - D.7.1 Introduction
  - D.7.2 Overview of the Objects in the Database
  - D.7.3 Discussion of Provenance
  - D.7.4 The Architectural Fragments in Their Architectural Contexts
  - D.7.5 Photographs and Drawings
- D.8 The Mosaics by Klaus Werner
  - D.8.1. The Mosaics in the Descriptions of the First Visitors
  - D.8.2 The Mosaics Today: the Difficulties of Analysis
  - D.8.3 The Individual Pavements
    - D.8.3.1 Rooms 1 (Lugli G3), 4 (Lugli G1), and 11 (Lugli I2)
    - D.8.3.2 New dating of the pavements of Rooms 1, 4, and 11 to the second half of the first century A.D.
    - D.8.3.3 The second "Flavian" group: Rooms 16, 17, 26, and 27
    - D.8.3.4 Dating of Rooms 16, 17, 26, 27
    - D.8.3.5 Mosaics in the Bath Complex area (Rooms 37, 40, 41 and 42)
    - D.8.3.6 Mosaics in the storehouse of the Archaeological Superintendency for Lazio in the Santuario di Ercole Vincitore, Tivoli
- D.9 Fragments of Wall Painting from "Horace's Villa" by Stephen T.A.M. Mols
  - D.9.1 Background
  - D.9.2 Fresco Fragments Found from 1911 to 1914
  - D.9.3 Finds of 1998-1999
    - [Introduction]
    - D.9.3.1 Area 23
    - D.9.3.2 Areas 37-40
    - D.9.3.3 Area 35
  - D.9.4 Conclusion
- D.10 Miniature Marble Sculptures by Steven Lattimore
  - [Introduction]
  - D.10.1 Youthful Male Torso
  - D.10.2 Nude Female Torso
  - D.10.3 Youthful Male Head
- D.11 Coins by Theodore Buttrey
  - D.11.1 The Material
    - [Introduction]
    - D.11.1.1 Group A: coins found 1911-1916
    - D.11.1.2 Group B: coins from the excavations of 1997-1999
    - D.11.1.3 Group C: coins in the museum of Licenza
    - D.11.1.4 The excavations
  - D.11.2 Conclusions
  - D.11.3 Catalogues by Group
    - D.11.3.1 Group A: coins found 1912-1916
    - D.11.3.2 Group B: coins from the excavations 1997-1999
    - D.11.3.3 Group C: coins in the museum of Licenza
    - D.11.3.4 Synoptic list of Villa of Horace coin finds
- D.12 Small Metal Objects from Recent Excavations (1997-2001) by Archer Martin
  - [Introduction]
  - D.12.1 Jewelry
  - D.12.2 Clothing Accessory
  - D.12.3 Tools
  - D.12.4 Weapon
  - D.12.5 Structural Fittings
  - D.12.6 Miscellaneous Objects
- D.13 Inscriptions on Lead Pipes by Christer Bruun
  - D.13.1 Epigraphical and Historical Commentary
  - D.13.2 Technical Information
    - D.13.2.1 Inscribed lead pipes in the museum at Licenza
    - D.13.2.2 Inscribed lead pipes from the 1997-2000 excavations
  - D.13.3 Commentary on the Inscribed Fistulae
  - D.13.4 Anepigraphic Lead Pipes from the Excavations of 1997-2000
- D.14 The Archaeobotanical Remains from the Garden by Jennifer Ramsay
  - D.14.1 Introduction
  - D.14.2 Methodology
  - D.14.3 Results
  - D.14.4 Interpretation
  - D.14.5 Conclusions
E Miscellaneous Studies
- E.1 Soils and Landscapes of "Horace's Villa" and Adjacent Areas by John E. Foss, Michael E. Essington, Yul Roh, Debra H. Philips
  - E.1.1 Introduction
  - E.1.2 Methods
    - E.1.2.1 Field methods
    - E.1.2.2 Laboratory methods
  - E.1.3 Results and Discussion
    - E.1.3.1 Field results
    - E.1.3.2 Laboratory results
  - E.1.4 Summary
- E.2 The Ownership of the Licenza Villa by Vasily Rudich
- E.3 The Orsini in the Tiburtine Region and in the Licenza Valley (XII-XV centuries) by Franca Allegrezza
- E.4 Owners of "Horace's Villa" at the Time of Pasqui's Excavation (1911-1914) by Bernard Frischer
- E.5 Graphic Documentation of "Horace's Villa": Analysis and Revision of the Data Using Modern Surveying Procedures by Francesca Colosi, Roberto Gabrielli, Bernard Frischer
  - E.5.1. Introduction
  - E.5.2 Gathering and Analysis of the Existing Documentation
  - E.5.3 Survey of the Control Points
    - [Introduction]
    - E.5.3.1 Topographical positioning with the DGPS
    - E.5.3.2 Integrated procedures for the execution of the survey
  - E.5.4 Determining the Accuracy of the Existing Plans: the Methods and the Results.
  - E.5.5 The Creation of the Three-Dimensional Model of the Terrain
  - E.5.6 Conclusions
- E.6 Interpreting Treasure: Oral Tradition, Archaeology and "Horace's Villa" by Luisa Del Giudice
  - E.6.1 Abstract
  - E.6.2 Introduction: Folklore and Archaeology
  - E.6.3 Landscape
  - E.6.4 Treasure as Metaphor
  - E.6.5 Archaeology and Oral Tradition
  - E.6.6 Land and Landscapes: Peasants and Archaeologists
  - E.6.7 Licenza and Horace's Villa: Worlds Divided
  - E.6.8. Cultural and Economic Development: Marketing Horace
  - E.6.9 Wilderness vs. Farmland
  - E.6.10 Horace in Oral Tradition
  - E.6.11 Oral Narrative, Buried Treasure and "Horace's Villa"
    - [Introduction]
    - E.6.11.1 Treasure Tales (A)
    - E.6.11.2 Meta-archaeological narratives or exercises in oral archaeology (B)
    - E.6.11.3 Horace/Villa narratives (C)
  - E.6.12 Interpreting narrative
  - E.6.13 Treasure Hunt: Treasure Found and Treasure Stolen
  - E.6.14 Villa: Functions and Uses
  - E.6.15 Guardian of the Treasure: Giuseppe Rinaldi ("Baccelli," b. August 13, 1916)
  - E.6.16 Appendix A. Le poesie del custode (The Custodian's Poems)
F Conclusion by Bernard Frischer
- [Introduction]
- F.1 Periodization of "Horace's Villa"
  - [Introduction]
  - F.1.1 Periods on the Site of "Horace's Villa"
- F.2 Ownership of "Horace's Villa"
- F.3 Theory for the Upgrading of the Site in Periods IB and IIA
- F.4 Future Directions for Research at "Horace's Villa"
G Catalogue of the Principal Textual and Graphical Documentation of the Site from Antiquity to 1990 by Bernard Frischer
- [Introduction]
- G.1 Textual Sources by Bernard Frischer
  - G.1.1 Passages in Horace's poetry pertinent to the location and nature of the villa
  - G.1.2 Horace's Villa in the Suetonian life of Horace
  - G.1.3 Horace's Villa and related places in the scholia of Pomponius Porphyrio
  - G.1.4 The Villa and related places in the scholia of Pseudo-Acron
  - G.1.5 Horace's Villa and related sites in the early medieval scholia
  - G.1.6 Horace's Villa and related sites in Carolingian scholia
  - G.1.7 Identifications of the location of Horace's Villa and related sites from the Renaissance until 1761
  - G.1.8 Descriptions of the Licenza site and valley, 1761 to 1911
  - G.1.9 Select documents from Italian government files pertaining to the Vigne di S. Pietro site in Licenza, 1885-1911
  - G.1.10 Documentary sources regarding Pasqui's excavations, 1911-1914
  - G.1.11 Horace's Villa in Pasqui's private correspondence
  - G.1.12 Documents pertaining to Pasqui's excavations
  - G.1.13 Early published accounts of Pasqui's excavations
  - G.1.14 1931. Lugli's correspondence with Mrs. George Hallam. De Brisis Family Archive, S. Antonio, Tivoli.
  - G.1.15 1944. The site and museum during the German occupation
  - G.1.16 Reports concerning the state of the archaeological site and museum, 1944-1981
  - G.1.17 Records of sporadic finds from the Licenza valley
- G.2 Graphic Sources by Bernard Frischer
  - [Introduction]
  - G.2.1 Horace's Villa and related sites on maps prior to 1885
  - G.2.2 Horace's Villa in the graphic arts prior to 1911: drawings, watercolors, gouaches, engravings
  - G.2.3 Photographs of sites identified as Horace's Villa, 1855 to 1911
  - G.2.4 1911-1914. Graphic documentation of Pasqui's excavations
  - G.2.5 1911-1914. Pasqui's photographic documentation of his excavations
  - G.2.6 1911-1914. Photographs of Pasqui's excavation from other sources
  - G.2.7 Photographs from the Gabinetto Fotografico Nazionale, Ministero per i Beni Culturali, Rome
  - G.2.8 1920-1990. Miscellaneous photographs documenting the condition of the site
Small Finds Catalog
Notes
- Preface
- A Introduction: History and Goals of the "Horace's Villa" Project
- B History of Archaeological Research on the Site
  - B.1 General Introduction to the Area
  - B.2 Identification of the Vigne di S. Pietro as Horace's Villa: the Ancient Evidence
  - B.3 Knowledge about Horace's Villa from the Imperial Period to 1911
  - B.4 Interventions in the 20th century
  - B.5 Biographical Sketch of Thomas Drees Price
- C New Fieldwork
  - C.1 The "Horace's Villa" Project, 1997-2003: Organization, Strategy, and Objectives
  - C.3 The Garden
  - C.4 Quadriporticus
  - C.5 The Bath Complex
- D Analysis of Structures and Materials
  - D.1 The Masonry Structures
  - D.2 Pottery
  - D.3 Garden Material
  - D.4 The "Horace's Villa" Brickstamps and the Brick Production of the Central Anio River Valley
  - D.5 The Architectural Terracottas
  - D.6 Marbles
  - D.7 The "Horace's Villa" Database of Architectural Fragments
  - D.8 The Mosaics
  - D.9 Fragments of Wall Painting from "Horace's Villa"
  - D.10 Miniature Marble Sculptures
  - D.11 Coins
  - D.12 Small Metal Objects from Recent Excavations (1997-2001)
  - D.13 Inscriptions on Lead Pipes
  - D.14 The Archaeobotanical Remains from the Garden
- E Miscellaneous Studies
  - E.1 Soils and Landscapes of "Horace's Villa" and Adjacent Areas
  - E.2 The Ownership of the Licenza Villa
  - E.3 The Orsini in the Tiburtine Region and in the Licenza Valley (XII-XV centuries)
  - E.4 Owners of "Horace's Villa" at the Time of Pasqui's Excavation (1911-1914)
  - E.5 Graphic Documentation of "Horace's Villa": Analysis and Revision of the Data Using Modern Surveying Procedures
  - E.6 Interpreting Treasure: Oral Tradition, Archaeology and "Horace's Villa"
- F Conclusion
- G Catalogue of the Principal Textual and Graphical Documentation of the Site from Antiquity to 1990
  - G.1 Textual Sources
  - G.2 Graphic Sources
Bibliography
Index
- A-F
- G-O
- P-V
About the Editors

Related Titles
HEB Id	Title	Authors	Publication Information
	Allan Ramsay and the search for Horace's villa.	Frischer, Bernard, and Iain Gordon Brown.	Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2001.
	La villa d'Orazio nella valle del Licenza.	Lugli, Giuseppe.	Roma: L. Morpugo, 1930.
	La villa di Quinto Orazio Flacco.	Mazzoleni, Achille.	Torino, 1890.
	A Restoration of Horace's 'Sabine Villa'.	Price, Thomas D.	Rome: American Academy, 1932.
heb07700.0001.001	A Walk to Horace's Farm.	Rand, Edward K.	Houghton Mifflin, 1930.
	Sabinum: Horaz und sein Landgut im Licenzatal.	Schmidt, Ernst A.	Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 1997.

Harris Matrix for Sector VI (J. Schryver).

Figure 10 Harris Matrix for Sector VI (J. Schryver).

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Section of Sector VI.1 looking north (K. Gleason after G. Ponti’s sketch).

Harris Matrix for Sector VI (J. Schryver).

Pier bonded to pool wall in Sector VI.2 (photo by K. Gleason).

Stratigraphic section of Sector VI.2 showing chipped brick footings (K. Gleason after Pearsall’s sketch).

Sketch plan showing the possible relationship of footings in Sector VI.2 to walls entering the garden from the east side of the portico (K. Gleason).

Schematic plan of the excavation trenches of Sector VII.1 (1998-2000) with excavators initials (K. Gleason).

Harris matrix of Sector VII.1 (J. Schryver).

View south of Sector VII.1 showing Late Republican and Flavian garden levels at the end of the 1999 season (photo by K. Gleason).

Plan of Sector VII.1 showing all soil and architectural features found during excavations (K. Gleason after field drawings by Hedlund, Costura, Jencek, Clemence and Gleason).

Section of west baulk of VII.1 after 1999 excavation (K. Gleason after Pearsall’s sketch).

Chipped limestone feature in Sector VII.1. The southern extension of the feature during excavation in March 2000 (photo by K. Gleason).

Purpose-made flower pot in situ. August 1999 (photo by K. Gleason).

View east of pot and pit locations (after removal of pots) in August 1999. Chipped limestone feature seen at left runs under the pits (photo by K. Gleason).

Amphora reused as a flower pot (photo by K. Gleason).

Small stake hole with cemented supports (photo by K. Gleason).

Planting pits and other soil discolorations seen in the yellow clay fill redeposited over the Late Republican garden level. Looking at the east side of Sector VII.1 (photo by K. Gleason).

Unrestored ancient step at the north edge of Sector VII.1. August 1998 (photo by K. Gleason).

Layer of medieval debris piles, with the Late Republican garden level in the foreground. Looking south from the central steps. August 1999 (photo by K. Gleason).

Photograph from Price excavations showing orchards in the unexcavated area of Sector VII.1. Castagneto in backround (Price 1932).

Photograph by Thomas Price showing the central steps as restored by Pasqui (Price 1932).

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