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Violence and Crisis in the Pre-Hispanic Peruvian Central Coast
Maricarmen Vega
This investigation shows the interaction between socio-political changes and climate crisis in the development of violence in the pre-Hispanic Peruvian central coast and how this violence affected specific population segments. This research highlights three factors that triggered violent episodes in the area: the emergence of social inequalities/a warrior elite; socio-political crises that were produced after the fall of a previous social order; and the need to fight for resources, either during severe droughts or to control the resources of the middle valley region. Males, especially those dedicated to military activities or those from the lower status, were more exposed to violence than the rest of the population. However, in times when violence rose, females were equally affected. Further comparisons of these findings with other Andean regions showed that not all societies reacted in the same way when faced with similar political and environmental challenges.
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Cover
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Title page
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Copyright page
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Of Related Interest
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Dedication
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Foreword
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1. Understanding Andean Violence
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1.1. The Phenomenon of Violence
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1.2. Violence in the Andes
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1.2.1. Andean Warfare (“Real” and Ritual War)
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1.2.2. Domestic Violence
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1.3. Evaluating the Link between Violence and Crisis in the Past
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1.4. Organization of the Chapters
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2. The Bioarchaeological Study of Violence in Times of Crisis
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2.1. Osteological Analysis
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2.1.1. Trauma Timing
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2.1.2. Number and Location of the Injuries
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2.1.3. Characteristics of the Fractures
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2.1.4. Mechanism and Causative Weapon
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2.1.5. Age and Sex of the Individuals (Cohorts)
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2.2. Interpreting Violence from Skeletal remains
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2.2.1. The Contextual Data
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2.2.2. Patterns of Violence
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2.3. Social Theory
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2.4. Violence and Crisis
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2.4.1. Violence and Environmental Stress
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2.4.2. Violence and Socio-political Changes
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2.4.3. Resilience
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3. The Pre-History of the Peruvian Central Coast
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3.1. Geographical and Ecological Setting
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3.2. Cultural History
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3.2.1. Pre-ceramic/Archaic Period
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3.2.2. Initial/Early-Middle Formative Period
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3.2.3. Early Horizon/Late and Final Formative Period
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3.2.4. Early Intermediate Period
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3.2.5. Middle Horizon Period
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3.2.6. Late Intermediate Period
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3.2.7. Late Horizon Period
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3.2.8. Summary
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3.3. Evidence of Pre-Hispanic Violence on the Central Coast
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3.3.1. Pre-ceramic/Archaic Period
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3.3.2. Initial/Early-Middle Formative Period
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3.3.3. Early Horizon/Middle and Late Formative Period
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3.3.4. Early Intermediate Period
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3.3.5. Middle Horizon Period
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3.3.6. Late Intermediate Period
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3.3.7. Late Horizon Period
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4. Reconstructing the History of Violence of the pre-Hispanic Central Coast
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4.1. Materials
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4.2. Description of the Sites
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4.2.1. La Capitana
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4.2.2. Asia and Asia Baja
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4.2.3. León Dormido 3 and León Dormido 17
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4.2.4. Tablada de Lurín
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4.2.5. Cerro Culebra
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4.2.6. Huaca 20 of the Maranga Complex
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4.2.7. Copacabana
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4.2.8. Ancón
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4.2.9. Armatambo
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4.2.10. Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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4.2.11. Puruchuco-Huaquerones
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4.3. Methods
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4.3.1. Biological Profile
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4.3.1.1. Sex Determination
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4.3.1.2. Age Estimation
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4.3.1.3. Cohort Assignment
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4.3.2. Chronological Period Assignment
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4.3.3. Social Status Assignment
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4.3.4. Trauma Analysis
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4.3.5. Meta-analysis
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4.3.6. Statistical Analysis
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5. Patterns of Violence in the pre-Hispanic Central Coast
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5.1. Initial Period and Early Horizon (Formative Period)
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5.2. Early Intermediate Period A (White-on-Red Tradition)
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5.3. Early Intermediate Period B (Middle Lima)
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5.4. Middle Horizon 1 Period (Late Lima)
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5.5. Middle Horizon 3-4 Period
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5.6. Late Intermediate Period (Ychsma)
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5.7. Late Horizon Period
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5.8. Discussion
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5.8.1. Formative Period
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5.8.2. Early Intermediate Period A
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5.8.3. Early Intermediate Period B
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5.8.4. Middle Horizon 1
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5.8.5. Middle Horizon 3-4
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5.8.6. Late Intermediate Period
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5.8.7. Late Horizon
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6. A Meta-Analysis of pre-Hispanic Andean Violence
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6.1. Early-Late Formative Period
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6.1.1. Central and South-Central Coast
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6.1.2. Other Regions
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6.1.3. Comparison with the Pre-Ceramic Period
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6.1.4. Violence during the Early-Late Formative Period
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6.2. Final Formative-Beginning of EIP
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6.2.1. Central Coast
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6.2.2. Other Regions
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6.2.3. Comparison with the Early-Late Formative Period
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6.2.4. Violence during the Transition to the EIP
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6.3. Early Intermediate Period B
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6.3.1. Central Coast
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6.3.2. Other Regions
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6.3.3. Comparison with the Beginning of the EIP
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6.3.3. Violence during the EIP B
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6.4. Middle Horizon 1-2
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6.4.1. Central Coast
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6.4.2. Other Regions
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6.4.3. Comparison with the EIP B
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6.4.4. Violence during the MH 1-2
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6.5. Middle Horizon 3-4
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6.5.1. Central Coast
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6.5.2. Other Regions
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6.5.3. Comparison with the MH 2
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6.5.4. Violence during the MH 3-4
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6.6. Late Intermediate Period
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6.6.1. Central Coast
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6.6.2. Other Regions
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6.6.3. Comparison with the MH 3-4
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6.6.4. Violence during the LIP
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6.7. Late Horizon
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6.7.1. Violence in the Different Curacazgos/Ayllus of the Rímac and Lurín Valleys
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6.7.2. Violent Trauma in Late Horizon Samples from Other Regions
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6.7.3. Comparison with the LIP
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6.7.4. Violence during the Late Horizon
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7. Violence and crisis in the pre-Hispanic Central Coast
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7.1. A History of Violence: Changes in the Prevalence and Pattern of Trauma in the Peruvian Central Coast
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7.1.1. Early-Late Formative Period
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7.1.2. Final Formative-EIP A
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7.1.3. EIP B
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7.1.4. MH 1-2
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7.1.5. MH 3-4
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7.1.6. LIP
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7.1.7. LH
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7.2. The Causes and Effects of Violence on the Peruvian Central Coast
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7.2.1. Violence and Socio-Political Changes
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7.2.2. Violence, Climate Crisis, and Competition for Resources
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7.2.3. Violence and Gender
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7.2.4. Violence in Subadults
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7.2.5. Violence and Social Status
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7.3. Methodological Considerations
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8. Conclusion
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8.1. The “History of Violence” of the Central Coast
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8.1.1. Early-Late Formative Period
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8.1.2. Final Formative-Early Intermediate Period A
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8.1.3. Early Intermediate Period B
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8.1.4. Middle Horizon 1-2
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8.1.5. Middle Horizon 3-4
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8.1.6. Late Intermediate Period
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8.1.7. Late Horizon
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8.2. The Causes and Effects of Violence on the Peruvian Central Coast
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Bibliography
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Back cover
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Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407359359 (paper)
- 9781407359366 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3124