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Food Behaviors, Nutrition and Identity under the Inka Empire: The Caringa people of Pueblo Viejo-Pucara, Peru
Maria Kolp-Godoy Allende
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Pueblo Viejo-Pucara is one of the coastal archaeological sites that were ruled by the Inka Empire on the central coast of Peru, inhabited by the Caringa people. Labor colonists relocated to the site as part of Inka strategies of annexation of new territories, reducing local polities’ power. Archaeological evidence points to connections between the Caringa people and highland communities. An unexplored line of evidence is people’s food habits, identity, diet and nutrition. The way society prepares, serves, and eats its food is socio-culturally shaped. An integrative approach based on bioarchaeological, dental anthropological, biochemical, and ethnohistorical data is applied, revealing significant intra-site variability and food behaviors being dictated by people’s identity and social status, additionally impacting childhood nutritional condition. The symbolic meaning behind food was embodied in ritual and funerary events, reinforcing local identities, local food cooking modalities, storage facilities and exchange between neighborhoods.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright page
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Of Related Interest
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Dedication
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Acknowledgments
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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1. The Central Coast around the Arrival of the Inkas: An Introduction
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References
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2. Food and Identity, Health and Diseasein Theoretical Perspective
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Section I: Food and Identity in Theoretical Perspective
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2.1. Food traditions and choices dictated by food attributes and accessibility
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2.2. Andean food and drink in ethnohistorical and archaeological perspectives
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2.2.1. Eating and drinking during the Inka period
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2.2.2. Making and drinking chicha (fermented beverage) in the Andes
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2.2.3. Acquisition and production of food at the pre-Hispanic Andes
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2.2.4. Andean cultivated plants (cultigens) as food
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2.2.5. Andean non-cultivated plants as food
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2.2.6. Pre-Hispanic animal domestication and hunting available for food
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2.2.7. Fishing resources available for food
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2.2.8. Condiments and minerals in Andean food
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2.2.9. Food conservation and storage
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Section II: Health and Disease in Theoretical Perspective
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2.3. Approaching health and disease in bioarchaeology
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2.4. The impact of stress in bioarchaeological studies
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2.5. Human adaptation and stress
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2.5.1. Adaptation
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2.5.2. Stress
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2.5.3. Selye’s concept of stress and later criticisms
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2.6. A model for interpreting stress in bioarchaeological studies
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2.7. Summary
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References
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3. Pueblo Viejo-Pucará: Settings and Archaeological Overview
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3.1. Geographical and ecological settings
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3.2. Chronological framework
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3.3. Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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3.3.1. Archaeological fieldwork and research in sector 5
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3.3.2. Stratigraphy and relative chronology
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3.3.3. Spatial organization, distribution, and functional categorization
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3.3.4. The place of death: funerary contexts in Sector 5
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3.3.5. Methodological considerations for the excavation of burials ET-7AB and ET-8AB
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3.3.6. Taphonomical and osteological observations made in burials ET-7AB and ET-8AB
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3.3.7. Stratigraphic documentation of human skeletal remains in grave ET7AB
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3.3.8. Stratigraphic documentation of human skeletal remains in grave ET-8AB
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3.3.9. Bioarchaeological data and estimation of MNI (minimal number of individuals)
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3.4. Huamanmarca as a comparative sample
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3.5. Some final considerations relating to Pueblo Viejo-Pucará and sector 5
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References
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4. Food and Identity in the Central Andes: Cooking, Eating, and Serving Food in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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4.1. The zooarchaeological evidence in Sector 5
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4.1.1. Domesticated animals: camelids, guinea pigs, and dogs
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4.2. The malacological evidence in Sector 5
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4.2.1. Malacological material: starch grain analysis
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4.2.2. Results of the malacological analysis
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4.3. Utensils for cooking, eating, and serving food in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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4.3.1. Materials and methodological procedures
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4.3.2. Results of the functional analysis of pottery from sector 5
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4.4. Summary
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References
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5 Teeth are Storytellers! Food Habits and Diet from a Dental Anthropological Approach
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5.1. Dental sample
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5.2. Dental examination, identification, and recording system
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5.3. Biological profile: sex and age-at-death estimation
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5.4. Data processing
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5.4.1. Dental caries and hypothesis 1
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5.4.2. Dental calculus and hypothesis 2
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5.4.3. Tooth wear and hypotheses 3 and 4
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5.5. Results of the dental anthropological analysis
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5.5.1. Dental Caries analysis
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5.5.2. Dental caries relative to tooth location and dentition
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5.5.3. Dental caries by tooth type
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5.5.4. Dental caries by sector, integrating cariogenic severity in permanent lower molars
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5.5.5. Dental calculus in relation to caries lesions and tooth wear
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5.5.6. Dental occlusal wear: rate, grade, and plane
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5.5.7. Plane and grade of occlusal tooth wear per site
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5.5.8. Plane and grade of occlusal tooth wear in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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5.5.9. Occlusal attrition and plane 1 (flat-shaped)
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5.5.10. Occlusal attrition and plane 2 (concave-shaped)
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5.5.11. Occlusal attrition and plane 4 (oblique)
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5.6. Summary
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References
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6. Reconstructing Diet from a Biochemical Approach: Stable Isotope Analysis on Human and Animal Skeletal Remains in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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6.1. A highland food tradition in the Central Andes
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6.2. A local (coastal) dietary intake
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6.3. Stable isotopic examination: δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O analysis
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6.3.1. Dental and osteological sample
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6.3.2. Methods: bone collagen and bioapatite preparation
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6.4. Results of the stable isotope analysis
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6.4.1. Intra-site differences in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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6.4.2. Regional dietary comparisons
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6.4.3. A preliminary view of animal diet: stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios in camelids (Llama glama) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) from the site
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6.5. A Bayesian mixing model for dietary reconstruction: FRUITS
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6.6. Summary
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References
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7. Past Nutrition and Health Status in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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7.1. Exploring the nutritional status of the Caringas
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7.1.1. Dental markers of stress: linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH)
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7.1.2. Materials and methodological procedures
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7.1.3. Dental sample
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7.1.4. Dental examination, recording system, and data processing
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7.1.5. Biological profile: sex and age-at-death estimations
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7.2. Results of the dental anthropological analysis
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7.2.1. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs): comparing sites
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7.2.2. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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7.2.3. LEHs relative to sectors as indicator of social status
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7.2.4. LEHs relative to age cohort
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7.2.5. First linear enamel hypoplastic defect (LEH1)
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7.2.6. Second linear enamel hypoplastic defect (LEH2)
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7.2.7. Third linear enamel hypoplastic defect (LEH3)
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7.3. Summary
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References
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8. Food Behaviors, Nutrition, and Identity under the Inka Empire
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Section I: Food Behaviors
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8.1. Food choices and the meaning of food in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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8.1.1. The symbolic meaning of food and identity in sector 5
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8.1.2. Cooking modalities and eating habits in sector 5
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8.1.3. Food preferences around the consumption of meat in sector 5
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8.1.4. Eating a carbohydrate-rich diet at Pueblo Viejo-Pucará?
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8.1.5. What does population-level variability of occlusal tooth wear suggest?
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8.2. Did people at Pueblo Viejo-Pucará have a highland food tradition?
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8.2.1. The contribution of marine and terrestrial protein to people’s diet
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8.2.2. Stable oxygen isotope signatures in human remains
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8.2.3. A preliminary approach to stable isotope ratios in camelids and guinea pigs.
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Section II: Nutritional and Health Status
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8.3. Linear enamel hypoplastic defects by site
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8.4. Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) by tooth type and age cohort in Pueblo Viejo-Pucará
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8.5. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) in sector 1
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8.6. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEHs) linked to social status
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8.7. Complementary information on skeletal markers of physiological stress
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8.8. Illness and the process of healing in Andean past
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References
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9. Conclusions
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References
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Back Cover
Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407359571 (paper)
- 9781407359588 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3129
- Identity / Gender / Childhood / Ethnicity / Romanization
- Architecture / Domestic and Urban Buildings and Space / Urbanism
- Prehistory
- Archaeozoology / Bioarchaeology / Osteoarchaeology
- Central and South America and the Caribbean
- Ethnoarchaeology / Anthropology
- Ceramics and Pottery Studies
- Excavation / Fieldwork / Survey
- Food and Drink / Diet
- Death / Burial / Cemeteries / Tombs
- Medicine / Palaeopathology