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  3. Marginal People in Deviant Places: Ethnography, Difference, and the Challenge to Scientific Racism

Marginal People in Deviant Places: Ethnography, Difference, and the Challenge to Scientific Racism

Janice M. Irvine
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Marginal People in Deviant Places revisits early- to mid-twentieth-century ethnographic studies, arguing that their focus on marginal subcultures—ranging from American hobos, to men who have sex with other men in St. Louis bathrooms, to hippies, to taxi dancers in Chicago, to elderly Jews in Venice, California—helped produce new ways of thinking about social difference more broadly in the United States. Irvine demonstrates how the social scientists who told the stories of these marginalized groups represented an early challenge to then-dominant narratives of scientific racism, prefiguring the academic fields of gender, ethnic, sexuality, and queer studies in key ways. In recounting the social histories of certain American outsiders, Irvine identifies an American paradox by which social differences are both despised and desired, and she describes the rise of an outsider capitalism that integrates difference into American society by marketing it.
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Illustrations
  • Acknowledgments
  • Preface
  • One. Introduction
  • Two. Making Up Hobos
  • Three. The Taxi-Dance Hall
  • Four. Zora’s Florida
  • Five. Asylum Stories
  • Six. Tearoom Trade
  • Seven. District for Deviants
  • Eight. Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Index
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Published: 2022
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-472-90265-1 (open access)
  • 978-0-472-05538-8 (paper)
Subject
  • American Studies
  • Gender Studies
  • Sociology

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Fig. 61. Period tourism map featuring Florida fishing chart, wildlife, and a mileage table.

Road map of Florida, 1938

From Chapter 4

Fig. 61. Road map of Florida, created by Rand McNally and Company, Gulf Oil Corporation, 1938. Courtesy of Osher Map Library, University of Southern Maine, https://oshermaps.org/map/1003459.0001

Fig. 62. Hurston, wearing a sleeveless jumpsuit and hat, and an African American man in a sports cap and overalls sit together, smiling, on a bench outside a cabin.

Zora Neale Hurston in Belle Glade

From Chapter 4

Fig. 62. Zora Neale Hurston and an unidentified man, probably at a recording site in Belle Glade, Florida, 1935. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.

Fig. 63. A bronze plaque mounted on a large mossy rock commemorates Hurston as “Anthropologist, Folklorist, Writer. She Jumped at the Sun.” January 26, 1990.

Plaque at Zora Neale Hurston National Museum

From Chapter 4

Fig. 63. Commemorative plaque celebrating Hurston as “Eatonville’s Daughter,” at the Zora Neale Hurston National Museum. Photograph by the author.

Fig. 64. Hurston stands before a fountain, holding a dark hat in her hand and wearing heeled shoes, looking at the camera.

Zora Neale Hurston at Howard University

From Chapter 4

Fig. 64. Zora Neale Hurston as a student at Howard University, 1919–1923. Courtesy of Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Acquired from Stetson Kennedy in 1990.

Fig. 65. Hurston, wearing a wide hat and patterned dress, with three boys outdoors, one of whom looks at the camera.

Zora Neale Hurston in Eatonville

From Chapter 4

Fig. 65. Zora Neale Hurston and three boys in Eatonville, Florida, 1935. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.

Fig. 66. Hurston, wearing a metallic dress, dark hat with veil, and gloves, stands in front of a book exhibit, reading from a book entitled American Stuff.

Zora Neale Hurston at Florida Writers’ Project exhibit

From Chapter 4

Fig. 66. Zora Neale Hurston, half-length portrait, at the Florida Writers’ Project exhibit, at the New York Times Book Fair, 1938. Courtesy of Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. Acquired from Stetson Kennedy in 1990.

Fig. 67. Cover of the Florida guidebook, featuring a sailboat on a lake, with a large palm tree in the foreground.

Florida: A Guide to the Southernmost State

From Chapter 4

Fig. 67. Florida: A Guide to the Southernmost State. Compiled and written by the Federal Writers’ Project of the Work Projects Administration for the state of Florida, 1940.

Fig. 68. An African American man dressed in white stands on a bus station platform below a sign saying “Colored Waiting Room.”

Segregation at bus station in Durham, North Carolina

From Chapter 4

Fig. 68. Segregation at the bus station in Durham, North Carolina, 1940. Photographer, Jack Delano. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.

Fig. 69. Typewritten, torn, and yellowed manuscript page, at top left: OCOEE INCIDENT. SAYS HURSTON, ZORA.

Ocoee Incident document

From Chapter 4

Fig. 69. Notes taken by Stetson Kennedy on dialogue between Zora Neale Hurston and Dr. Carita Coree, director of the Florida Writers’ Project, about reporting of the Ocoee Incident. Courtesy of Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Fig. 70. Black-and-white photograph of Hurston sitting on a screened porch with two young African American men, one playing a guitar.

Zora Neale Hurston with Rochelle French and Gabriel Brown

From Chapter 4

Fig. 70. Zora Neale Hurston, with Rochelle French and Gabriel Brown, in Eatonville, Florida, 1935. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.

Fig. 71. Black-and-white photograph of phosphate mining in a large pit in the woods, with African American men working at the bottom, loading phosphate into carts, and also along the top.

Phosphate Mine in the Bone Valley Formation region

From Chapter 4

Fig. 71. Phosphate mine in the Bone Valley Formation region. Courtesy of Florida Memory, State Library and Archives of Florida, http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/141763

Fig. 72. Sepia-­toned photograph of a railroad line bisecting pine woods, with wooden cabins lining the tracks. The woods show signs of logging, with felled trees and stumps.

Gulf, Florida & Alabama Railway Company turpentine camp

From Chapter 4

Fig. 72. Gulf, Florida & Alabama Railway Company turpentine camp, circa 1900. Courtesy of Florida Memory, State Library and Archives of Florida, http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/17685

Fig. 73. Hurston, wearing a white dress, with a pack of cigarettes in her lap, sitting on a rocking chair on the porch of a wooden cabin, smoking a cigarette.

Zora Neale Hurston at turpentine camp

From Chapter 4

Fig. 73. Zora Neale Hurston, smoking a cigarette, at the Aycock and Lindsay turpentine camp, Cross City, Florida, 1939. Photograph by Robert Cook. Courtesy of Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Fig. 74. Typewritten title page of Hurston’s manuscript, with handwritten note in the top right saying “Florida Writers Project, WPA.”

“Cross City: Turpentine Camp” Manuscript

From Chapter 4

Fig. 74. Zora Hurston’s manuscript, “Cross City: Turpentine Camp,” written after her visit to the Aycock & Lindsay turpentine camp, 1939. Courtesy of Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Fig. 75. Typed manuscript with burned edges on both sides.

“Florida’s Migrant Farm Labor” article

From Chapter 4

Fig. 75. Burned, typewritten title page of Hurston’s article, “Florida’s Migrant Farm Labor.” Courtesy of Zora Neale Hurston Papers, Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Fig. 76. Old newspaper ad from the National Baptist Publishing Board, with headline “Dolls, Dolls, Negro Dolls.” The ad features two pictures of Negro dolls.

Negro Doll advertisement

From Chapter 4

Fig. 76. Newspaper advertisement for Negro dolls and the Negro Doll Company. Nashville Globe, August 28, 1908.

Fig. 77. Melville Herskovits’s 1930 text, The Anthropometry of the American Negro. Black-and-white book cover with title and author, published by Columbia University Press, 1930.

The Anthropometry of the American Negro cover

From Chapter 4

Fig. 77. Cover of anthropologist Melville Herskovits’s 1930 text, The Anthropometry of the American Negro. Hurston studied with Herskovits, learning anthropometry at Barnard College.

Fig. 78. Conference exhibition space of the Eugenics Society, with signs about human inheritance, healthy and unhealthy families, and admonitions about health, housing, and marrying wisely.

Eugenics Society exhibit

From Chapter 4

Fig. 78. Eugenics Society exhibit, 1930s, advising visitors to “Marry Wisely.” From the Wellcome Library, Wikimedia Commons.

Fig. 79. Photograph of buildings down 5th Avenue, of a flag flying from a window several stories up, saying “A Man Was Lynched Yesterday.” Pedestrians walk down the street; there are period automobiles, both parked and driving.

Flag, announcing lynching, flown from the window of the NAACP in New York City

From Chapter 4

Fig. 79. A flag announcing a lynching, flown from the window of the NAACP in New York City, 1936. Courtesy of Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC.

Fig. 80. A map of rail expansion in Florida shows red and green rail routes, with the red route traversing north and south, from the border with Georgia to Key West.

Florida and the Railroad Barons map

From Chapter 4

Fig. 80. Florida and the Railroad Barons map shows the expansion of rail lines in Florida, which bolstered industrial expansion in areas such as phosphate mining and the production of sugar and a myriad of fruit and vegetable products. Courtesy of Florida History Internet Center, floridahistory.org

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