Fig. 3.1. Music on the Move: Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Voyages. Map by Eric Fosler-Lussier. This map depicts the transportation of enslaved people from Africa as listed in The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database in the decades between 1580 and 1860, grouped by regions where they arrived. White boxes and dashed lines indicate departures; black boxes and solid lines indicate arrivals. Voyages for which the major place of sale could not be imputed were removed from this visualization: the number of enslaved people who did not arrive at their destination (many died, but some possibly escaped) is represented by the difference in the number of persons leaving Africa and those arriving at destination ports. The excellent database at slavevoyages.org describes the research behind this map and more detailed visualizations. (See https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9853855.cmp.31)

Example 3.1. Mississippi Matilda Powell with guitarists Sonny Boy Nelson and Willie Harris, Jr., “Hard Working Woman,” recorded 1936 in New Orleans. Mississippi Blues Volume 3, 1939-1940 (Document Records DOCD-5671, 2002). Used by permission.

Example 3.4. Excerpt from Big Joe Williams, “Stack O’Dollars,” played on a guitar, a one-string fiddle, and a washboard. Recorded in Chicago, 1935 (Document Records BDCD-6003, 1991). See also Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkQe0HqnKyw

Example 3.7. “Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah,” Ike Caudill leading the Indian Bottom Old Regular Baptist Association congregation, Letcher County, Kentucky. From the Alan Lomax Collection at the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Courtesy of the Association for Cultural Equity.

Example 3.8. Fisk Jubilee Singers, “Deep River.” Fisk University Jubilee Singers, in chronological order, vol. 3, 1924-1940 (Document Records DOCD-5535, 1997). Used by permission.

Example 3.11. Florence Price, "Fantasie nègre" (Black fantasy), performed by Samatha Ege. Used by permission.

Example 3.12. Margaret Bonds, "Troubled Water," performed by Samantha Ege. Four Women: Music for Piano by Price, Kaprálová, Bilsland, and Bonds (Wave Theory Records, 2018). Used by permission.

Example 4.2. Excerpt from "Polka Wiewórka" (Squirrel Polka), with Stanisław Kosiba, clarinet (Victor 80475, 1927). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDyI0WV6gEk

Fig. 4.3. The Sikvayugak brothers perform as Laura Boulton makes a recording. Courtesy of the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University.

Example 4.5. Excerpt from "The Sheik of Araby," performed by Sidney Bechet's One Man Band (Victor 27485-A, 1941). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbT3m9JcOIw

Example 4.6. Halim El-Dabh, “Ta’bir al-Zar” (“The Expression of Zar”). Excerpt under the title “Wire Recorder Piece” on Crossing into the Electric Magnetic (Halim El-Dabh Records, LLC, 2001). Reproduced by kind permission of Deborah El-Dabh.

Fig. 5.2. Paul Robeson leads shipyard workers in singing “The Star-Spangled Banner.” National Archives of the United States, via Wikimedia Commons.

Example 6.2. Excerpt from Paul Simon and Ladysmith Black Mambazo, “Homeless,” Graceland (Warner Brothers 9 25447-2, 1986).

Example 6.5. Second excerpt from Paul Simon and Ladysmith Black Mambazo, “Diamonds on the Soles of her Shoes,” Graceland (Warner Brothers 9 25447-2, 1986).

Fig. 6.1. Paul Simon at the mixing board. Still from Classic Albums: Paul Simon Graceland (DVD, Eagle Rock Entertainment/Isis Productions, 1997).