Urbanism and its Impact on Human Health: A long-term study at Knossos, Crete

Moles, Anna C.

doi:doi:10.30861/9781407360355

Anna C. Moles

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Urbanism and its Impact on Human Health demonstrates how social, economic and political changes impacted the everyday lives of the people of Knossos, at the fundamental level of their health and diet, during the Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique periods. Knossos, in north-central Crete, was an important site in Aegean and Mediterranean networks throughout this timespan, though the city experienced cycles of urban development and decline. As an extensively studied and well-documented site, it provides a unique opportunity to study long-term phenomena associated with its varied past. The present osteological and isotopic research is integrated with previous work on material culture and textual sources to provide a contextualised interpretation of the lifeways and social history of the people of Knossos.

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
UCL Institute of Archaeology PhD Series
Of Related Interest
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abstract
1. Introduction
- 1.1. The site
- 1.2. The main questions
- 1.3. Urbanism and its impact on human health
2. Knossos in Context
- 2.1. Hellenistic Knossos
  - 2.1.1. Dysfunctional conflict or functional koinon? The political and economic situation
  - 2.1.2. The archaeological evidence for life at Hellenistic Knossos
  - 2.1.3. Hellenistic burial practices at Knossos
- 2.2. Roman Knossos
  - 2.2.1. Roman conquest of Crete and cultural change
  - 2.2.2. The evolving urban landscape at Knossos
  - 2.2.3. The presence of colonists
  - 2.2.4. Knossos, a cultural melting pot
  - 2.2.5. The burial evidence
- 2.3. Late Antique Knossos
  - 2.3.1. Dates and terminology
  - 2.3.2. Urban contraction and evidence for gradual change
  - 2.3.3. The religious architecture and burial evidence
3. Material
- 3.1. Previous studies on the Knossos skeletal material
- 3.2. Recovery, preservation and sample condition
- 3.3. Topography
  - 3.3.1. Hellenistic cemeteries
  - 3.3.2. Roman cemeteries
  - 3.3.3. Late Antique cemeteries
- 3.4. Social status of the dead
- 3.5. Grave goods and identity
- 3.6. Representativeness of material
4. Demography
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Methodology
  - 4.2.1. Data Collection and Recording
  - 4.2.2. Minimum numbers of individuals (MNI)
  - 4.2.3. Age-at-death
  - 4.2.4. Sex
- 4.3. Results
  - 4.3.1. Minimum numbers of individuals (MNI)
  - 4.3.2. Age-at-death
  - 4.3.3. Sex
- 4.4. Discussion
  - 4.4.1. Population size and representativeness of the assemblage
  - 4.4.2. Representation of society
  - 4.4.3. Age structure of the assemblage
  - 4.4.4. Sex structure of the assemblage
- 4.5. Conclusion
5. Stable Isotope Analysis
- 5.1. Background
  - 5.1.1. Isotopes and bone composition
  - 5.1.2. Isotopes as dietary indicators
  - 5.1.3. Diet in the Graeco-Roman world
  - 5.1.4. Isotopic evidence for Mediterranean diets
- 5.2. Method
  - 5.2.1. Sampling
  - 5.2.2. Collagen extraction
  - 5.2.3. Isotopic analysis
  - 5.2.4. Indicators of diagenesis and contamination
  - 5.2.5. Tests for diagenesis
- 5.3. Results
  - 5.3.1. Time period
  - 5.3.2. Sex
  - 5.3.3. Age group
  - 5.3.4. Tomb type
  - 5.3.5. Cemetery (location)
- 5.4. Discussion
  - 5.4.1. Time period
  - 5.4.2. Sex
  - 5.4.3. Age group
  - 5.4.4. Tomb type
  - 5.4.5. Cemetery (location)
- 5.5. Conclusion
6. Dental Disease
- 6.1. Methods
  - 6.1.1. Caries
  - 6.1.2. Calculus
  - 6.1.3. Antemortem tooth loss
- 6.2. Results
  - 6.2.1. Caries
  - 6.2.2. Calculus
  - 6.2.3. Antemortem tooth loss
- 6.3. Discussion
  - 6.3.1. Time period
  - 6.3.2. Sex
  - 6.3.3. Age group
  - 6.3.4. Tomb type
  - 6.3.5. Cemetery (Location)
- 6.4. Conclusions
7. Activity: Joint Disease and Entheseal Changes
- 7.1. Introduction to activity-related pathology
- 7.2. Methodology
  - 7.2.1. Osteoarthritis
  - 7.2.2. Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
  - 7.2.3. Other arthropathies
  - 7.2.4. Entheseal changes
- 7.3. Results
  - 7.3.1. Osteoarthritis
  - 7.3.2. Intervertebral disc disease
  - 7.3.3. Other arthropathies
  - 7.3.4. Entheseal changes
- 7.4. Discussion
  - 7.4.1. Time period
  - 7.4.2. Sex
  - 7.4.3. Tomb type
  - 7.4.4. Cemetery (location)
- 7.5. Conclusions
8. Development
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.2. Methodology
  - 8.2.1. Bone Lengths
  - 8.2.2. Stature estimation
  - 8.2.3. Sex estimation
  - 8.2.4. Methodological problems
- 8.3. Bone Length Results
  - 8.3.1. Time period
  - 8.3.2. Tomb type
  - 8.3.3. Location (cemetery)
- 8.4. Stature Results
  - 8.4.1. Time period
  - 8.4.2. Tomb type
  - 8.4.3. Cemetery (location)
- 8.5. Discussion
  - 8.5.1. Time period
  - 8.5.2. Tomb type
  - 8.5.3. Cemetery (location)
  - 8.5.4. Comparative material and sex differences
- 8.6. Conclusion
9. Conclusion
- 9.1. Aims
- 9.2. The Hellenistic Period
- 9.3. The Roman Period
- 9.4. The Late Antique Period
- 9.5. Limitations and Future Directions
- 9.6. Conclusion
Bibliography
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