Fig. 2.1. Party Supporter Division and Issue Emphasis Source: EES (2009), EVS (2008), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Party supporter division is measured with the standard deviation of party supporters’ responses to survey questions on each issue. Salience scores from the CHES (2010) are used for issue emphasis.

Fig. 2.2. Party Supporter Division and Position Blurring Source: EES (2009), EVS (2008), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Party supporter division is measured with the standard deviation of party supporters’ responses to survey questions on each issue. The standard deviation (of experts’ estimations) measurement is used for position blurring.

Fig. 2.3. Issue Competence and Issue Emphasis Source: EES (2009), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Issue competence of a political party is measured with the percentage of people who indicated the party as the best political party to handle the issue. Salience scores from CHES (2010) are used for issue emphasis.

Fig. 2.4. Issue Competence and Position Blurring Source: EES (2009), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Issue competence of a political party is measured with the percentage of people who indicated the party as the best political party to handle the issue. The standard deviation (of experts’ estimations) measurement is used for position blurring.

Fig. 2.5. Issue Emphasis and Position Blurring when Disadvantaged (Economy) Source: EES (2009), EVS (2008), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. “Divided” indicates that the value of the party supporter division variable is above its median. “Not competent” means that the value of the issue competence variable is below its median. Salience scores from the CHES (2010) are used for issue emphasis, and the standard deviation (of experts’ estimations) measurement is used for position blurring.

Fig. 2.6. Issue Emphasis and Position Blurring when Disadvantaged (Immigration) Source: EES (2009), EVS (2008), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. “Divided” indicates that the value of the party supporter division variable is above its median. “Not competent” means that the value of the issue competence variable is below its median. Salience scores from the CHES (2010) are used for issue emphasis, and the standard deviation (of experts’ estimations) measurement is used for position blurring.

Fig. 2.7. Issue Emphasis and Position Blurring when Disadvantaged (Environment) Source: EES (2009), EVS (2008), CHES (2010). Note: Data description is presented in the appendix. Each filled circle represents a political party. Included are political parties in the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. “Divided” indicates that the value of the party supporter division variable is above its median. “Not competent” means that the value of the issue competence variable is below its median. Salience scores from the CHES (2010) are used for issue emphasis, and the standard deviation (of experts’ estimations) measurement is used for position blurring.